Asteroids in fiction

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Asteroids have become a common theme in science fiction.

Contents 1 Early examples 2 Real asteroids in fiction 2.1 Ceres 2.2 Eros 2.3 Pallas 2.4 Vesta 2.5 Icarus 2.6 Other asteroids 3 Common themes 3.1 Colonization 3.2 Mineral extraction 3.3 Navigational hazard 3.4 Fifth planet 3.5 New asteroid belts 3.6 Collisions with Earth 4 Footnotes 5 See also

[edit] Early examples

The earliest explicit references to asteroids date from the beginning of the twentieth century:

• In Edison's Conquest of Mars by Garrett P. Serviss (1898), a fleet of spaceships from Earth on its way to attack Mars halts at an asteroid that is being mined for gold by the Martians.
• Credit for the first true science fiction story involving an asteroid belongs to another Frenchman, Jules Verne. Verne's son Michel highly edited and modified his father's posthumously published La Chasse au météore (Variously translated as "Hunt for the Meteor", or "Chase of the Golden Meteor"), published in 1908. The attribution of plot elements between father and son was long debated, until Verne's original version was unearthed. The book begins with the rivalry between two amateur astronomers who both claim discovery of a new asteroid. Originally an in-crowd issue among astronomers, it becomes a major world-wide problem when it is found that the asteroid is about to fall on Earth (to be exact, in Greenland). Unlike later asteroid books, the main problem is not the damage which its fall may cause, but the fact that it is made of solid gold, which could upset the economy of the world. Thus, the asteroid's eventual fall into the Atlantic and its disappearance beneath the waves is presented as a satisfactory aversion of the economic danger, and there are none of the huge and highly destructive tsunami which in later stories (and in reality) would have followed.^[1]
• Professor Moriarty, Sherlock Holmes' arch-enemy, "is the celebrated author of "The Dynamics of an Asteroid", a book which ascends to such rarefied heights of pure mathematics that it is said that there was no man in the scientific press capable of criticizing it" (The Valley of Fear, 1914, set in 1888). Though publication of the Holmes books was simultaneous with those of H. G. Wells, Holmes regards astronomical studies as an issue of pure abstract science, which would never have practical applications or provide the scene of future adventures.
• In The Little Prince, a 1943 novel by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, the title character lives on an asteroid named "B-6-12". He then travels among various asteroids, each inhabited by a single person: a lamp-lighter, a king, a businessman, a geographer...Saint-Exupéry made no effort at scientific accuracy, since he was mainly writing social and political commentary and satire. (For example, his reference to "Baobab trees which, if not uprooted in time, might take root and break an asteroid to pieces" is commonly understood as an allegory of Fascism). Still, he seems the first writer to conceive of Asteroids as worlds where human beings could live and call home, an image which later writers were to develop with greater scientific plausibility. The asteroid moon Petit-Prince was named after the character, and 46610 Bésixdouze, after his asteroid.

[edit] Real asteroids in fiction

Although the asteroids are commonly dealt with en masse, a few Main Belt asteroids have become well enough known to be named in fictional treatments.

[edit] Ceres

Main article: Ceres in fiction

Asteroid 1 Ceres is the largest, first discovered and best-known of the asteroids.

[edit] Eros

After Ceres, Asteroid 433 Eros is perhaps the most-commonly mentioned asteroid, probably because it is one of the largest near-Earth asteroids.

• Eros is mentioned in Orson Scott Card's novel Ender's Game (1985). It used to be an outpost for the aliens known as Formics who installed artificial gravity but was taken over by humans and a Command School was built there. This is where Ender was sent after he graduated from Battle School.
• Eros also plays an important role in the future evolution of life on Earth in Stephen Baxter's novel Evolution (2003). Millions of years after being perturbed into a new orbit, the asteroid collides with Earth, bringing about another mass extinction. The micrometeoroid-ravaged shell of NEAR Shoemaker still stands on the surface of Eros until seconds before the impact.
• In DC Comics' JLA (Justice League of America) #26, the League uses Eros as an inescapable prison for their unkillable foe, the General.
• Eros is central to the Dig Allen series of juvenile space fiction by Joseph Greene, where it turns out to be a disguised alien spaceship.

[edit] Pallas

Asteroid 2 Pallas is the third-largest Main Belt asteroid.

• In the TV series Space Patrol (1962) - The Shrinking Spaceman -When the Galasphere crew are sent to repair the sonar beam transmitter on the asteroid Pallas. Husky succumbs to a mysterious shrinking disease after cutting his hand on a rock. Keeping him in suspended animation Professor Heggerty attempts to find a cure.
• In Libertarian L. Neil Smith's ideological novel Pallas (Tor Books, 1993), Emerson Ngu, a boy who lives in a dystopian socialist commune in a crater on the terraformed asteroid Pallas, creates a crystal radio and is astonished to learn of the world outside the commune. Escaping, he discovers that the rest of Pallas is a libertarian utopia. Unable to forget his semi-enslaved family -- whose "workers' paradise" is starving to death -- he innovates a cheap but durable gun (because the Libertarians on Pallas, to their shame, did not have a domestic firearms industry), and sets about liberating his former commune. The book was partly inspired by the 1987 article "The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race" written by Jared Diamond. The book also includes a brief description of a way to encapsulate the entire surface of a small body such as an asteroid to enable creating an Earthlike environment.

[edit] Vesta

Asteroid 4 Vesta is the second largest of the asteroids.

• Marooned Off Vesta (1939), Isaac Asimov's first published story, concerns the plight of the surviving passengers of a wrecked spaceship stranded in orbit around the asteroid Vesta. A later short story, 'Catch that Rabbit', has a lonely asteroid as the location for an intractable robot mystery and tangle. (In 1950 collected in I, Robot).

[edit] Icarus

Asteroid 1566 Icarus is best known for its close approach to Earth.

• Icarus is the setting for Arthur C. Clarke's short-story Summertime on Icarus (aka 'Icarus Ascending'), where an astronaut is stranded on the asteroid as it approaches perihelion.
• Icarus features in Kim Stanley Robinson's novel The Memory of Whiteness, in which the asteroid is inhabited by a religious cult that worships its close approaches to the Sun.
• An asteroid named Icarus plays a major role in Gregory Benford's classic science fiction novel In the Ocean of Night.
• The 1968 passing of Icarus is mentioned several times in Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle's Lucifer's Hammer.

[edit] Other asteroids

• One chapter of Arkady and Boris Strugatsky's novel Space Apprentice (1962) is staged on 15 Eunomia. A scientific station on the asteroid is annihilating large fragments of the asteroid in its advanced experiments.
• One chapter of Arkady and Boris Strugatsky's novel Space Apprentice (1962) is staged on 324 Bamberga. A mine is located on the asteroid, producing fictional "space pearls".
• Stephen Baxter's short story 'The Fubar Suit' (1997) depicts an astronaut exploring 624 Hektor. Sample from 'The Baxterium' website.
• 2101 Adonis makes an appearance in On a marché sur la Lune (Explorers on the Moon), one of The Adventures of Tintin comic albums. As Tintin and his friends are en route to the moon, Adonis unexpectedly comes perilously close to the spacecraft. During a spacewalk, Captain Haddock inadvertently goes into orbit around the asteroid and has to be rescued.
• 3753 Cruithne has a major role in the novel Manifold: Time by science fiction author Stephen Baxter, due to its unconventional orbit in relation to Earth.

[edit] Common themes

[edit] Colonization

See also Colonization of the asteroids

When the theme of interplanetary colonization first entered SF, the Asteroid Belt was quite low on the list of desirable real estate, far behind such planets as Mars and Venus (often conceived as a a kind of paradise planet, until probes in the 1960s revealed the appalling temperatures and conditions under its clouds). Thus, in many stories and books the Asteroid Belt, if not a positive hazard, is still a rarely-visited backwater in a colonized Solar System.

• In John Wyndham's short story Dumb Martian (1952), a ruthless Earth man buys a young Martian woman (Martians, in this story, being a humanoid race subject to Earth-human colonialism and exploitation). She is to serve as a companion in his five-year of lonely tour of duty on an asteroid orbiting Jupiter. The power struggle between the two of them, isolated on the asteroid, forms the main plot, and the arrogant and chauvinistic Earth man finds the hard way that his "Dumb Martian" is not as dumb as he thought her.
• In Isaac Asimov's Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids (1953), as its name suggests, the Asteroid Belt is the haunt of dangerous pirates. The hero, an agent of the The Terran Empire, has not only his job but also a private score to settle with pirates who had killed had his parents. In the end, however, the enlightened Empire gives former Pirate strongholds in terraformed asteroids a chance to stay on as law-abiding communities.^[2]
• Scrooge McDuck scouted the asteroid belt to find a safe location for his money (Uncle $crooge #29, "Island in the Sky", by Carl Barks, published March 1960). The story depicts the asteroid belt as being much more dense than it actually is. There are also many very large asteroids, some having atmospheres and inhabitants. At least one is a virtual paradise, replete with lush vegetation including bananas, papyas, apples, nuts, wild rice and melons.
• Poul Anderson's "Tales of the Flying Mountains" (1970, including short stories published 1962-1965) collecting the short stories he wrote on the colonization of the asteroids.
• In Mobile Suit Gundam (1979), several asteroids have been moved from the asteroid belt to positions in Earth's Lagrange points. The most prominent of these are Solomon and A Baoa Qu, major space fortresses of the Principality of Zeon, and Luna II, an outpost of the Earth Federation. Solomon and A Baoa Qu eventually fall into the Federation's hands, and are renamed Konpei Island and Gate of Zedan, respectively.
• In the anime series Gundam asteroids are utilized for a variety of purposes, from colonies (Axis) to military bases (A Baoa Qu). In Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (1985), Axis is a former asteroid mining colony that has become the stronghold of the Axis Zeon faction. Originally located in the asteroid belt, Axis is equipped with thermonuclear pulse thrusters in order to travel to Earth. Axis arrives in the Earth Sphere late in the Gryps Conflict, and the alliances Axis forms drastically alter the balance of power.
• In Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game (1985), and his later companion piece Ender's Shadow, the Asteroid Belt is mainly a military zone, housing the bases and institutions dedicated to the war against Earth's insectoid invaders (which in the end turn out not quite as horrible as official propaganda made them look). A major part of both books takes place at Battle School on 433 Eros where gifted children are kept in complete isolation and ruthlessly turned into tough fleet commanders, losing their childhood in the process.
• Greg Bear's The Way series (1985-1996) features a colony inside a hollowed-out asteroid.
• Stephen R. Donaldson's Gap Cycle books (1991-1996) feature numerous human asteroid colonies, albeit not in the Solar System's Asteroid Belt.
• The Cerberus colony in the computer game The Orion Conspiracy (1995) is on an asteroid.
• Kim Stanley Robinson's book Blue Mars (1996) deals with the colonization of asteroids and how new technology affects their development.
• Asteroid colonies feature in Peter F Hamilton's Night's Dawn Trilogy (1996-1999), where there are thousands of inhabited asteroids in Earth orbit, some of which are linked to Earth via space elevators.
• In the film Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005), Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia in an asteroid colony.

• Ben Bova's Asteroid Wars novels center on warfare by corporations for control of the asteroid belt.
• Larry Niven wrote several short stories exploring the psychology of people born and raised in asteroid colonies.
• The asteroids and the unique culture developing on and in them also figure prominently in L. Neil Smith's North American Confederation alternate history series, with its social system of total free enterprise - among them the The Venus Belt.
• In the X-men comic books, the villain Magneto has used an asteroid called Asteroid M as his base of operations, complete with an observation deck, hangar bays and medical facilities. The various facilities had technology that kept it concealed from standard detection technology.

[edit] Mineral extraction

The prospects of colonizing the Solar System planets became more dim with increasing discoveries about conditions on them. Conversely, the potential value of the asteroids increased, as a vast accumulation of mineral wealth, accessible in conditions of minimal gravity, and supplementing Earth's dwindling resources. Stories of asteroid mining became more and more numerous since the late 1940s, with the next logical step being depictions of a society on terraformed asteroids — in some cases dug under the surface, in others having dome colonies and in still others provided with an atmosphere which is kept in place by an artificial gravity.

An image developed and was carried from writer to writer, of "Belters" or "Rock Rats" as rugged and independent-minded individuals, resentful of all Authority (in some books and stories of the military and political power of Earth-bound nation states, in others of the corporate power of huge companies). As such, this sub-genre proved naturally attractive to writers with Libertarian tendencies. Moreover, depictions of the Asteroid Belt as The New Frontier clearly draw (sometimes explicitly) on the considerable literature of the Nineteenth-Century Frontier and the Wild West. And since (in nearly all stories) the asteroids are completely lifeless until the arrival of the humans, it is a New Frontier completely free of the moral taint of the brutal dispossession of the Native Americans in the original.

• An early example are Seetee Ship (1949) and Seetee Shock (1950) by Jack Williamson. Earth, Mars, Venus and the Jovian Moons are all dominated by competing tyrannical political systems (a Communist one, a Fascist one, and a Capitalist "democracy" totally dominated by a single vast, all-owning and all-controlling corporation). The scattered, despised and numerically-inferior asteroid miners are left as the sole remaining champions of Individual Liberty. The "Rock Rats" neatly turn the tables by finding out how to produce energy from the collision of matter and anti-matter asteroids (anti-matter or "Contraterrene" is the "Seetee" (C-T) of the title). Virtually unlimited energy is broadcast from the Asteroid Belt all over the Solar System, for everybody to tap and use completely free of charge — and all the oppressive systems go crashing down.
• An unfavourable review of one of his books, which compared the writing to that of a comic strip, brought Williamson to the attention of The New York Sunday News, which needed a science fiction writer for a new comic strip. Williamson wrote the strip "Beyond Mars", loosely based on his novel Seetee Ship for several years until the paper dropped all comics.
• At the centre of Poul Anderson's story The Rogue (1963) is a tense love affair between an asterite entrepreneur, who represents a kind of reversion to 19th Century Capitalism, and a woman officer in a space warship sent by the Social Justice Party (in power at Washington D.C.) to clip that entrepreneur's wings. The encounter is the first skirmish in what eventually develops into a full-scale Asterite War of Independence (consciously modelled on the American one), told of in further stories. Anderson's asteroid stories were eventually collected in Tales of the Flying Mountains, where the flourishing Asteroid Republic makes of a terraformed asteroid the first interstellar ship, which in the course of generations would reach other stellar systems. The veterans who go along tell, for the edification of the young generation, their memoirs of the pioneering days.^[3]
• In Norman Spinrad's The Men in the Jungle (1967), the Asteroid Belt is originally colonized by Afrikaners who hog its mineral wealth and lord it over later-arrived immigrants from Third World countries — in effect recreating Apartheid all over again. A revolution culminates with the creation of the Belt Free State, a republic far less stable than Anderson's which is headed by the likeable though thoroughly corrupt Bart Fraden. The intervention of the Big Powers from Earth, seeking to control the same mineral wealth, leads to Fraden's overthrow and his escape out of the Solar System — setting the stage to further (quite grisly) adventures which are the book's main plot line.
• In Larry Niven's Known Space, the Solar System is divided between the UN-dominated Earth and the Asteroid Belt, two competing political and cultural entities whose rivalry might at any moment descend into a destructive war — forming the background to several books and the main theme of World of Ptavvs. In this universe, it is planets such as Mars which are the neglected backwaters, Belters spurning them and their gravity wells as fit only for "Flatlanders".
• Murray Leinster's Miners in The Sky (1967) takes place in the rings around Thotmess, a gas giant in the system of the star Niletus where planets are called for Ancient Egyptian gods. It is a completely lawless place, where "claim jumping" is frequent. Miners, riding small "donkey ships", need to contend with both the harsh natural environment and with fierce human competitors. They must be ready at any moment to take up a gun or a bazooka to defend their finds of "grey matrix in which abyssal crystals occur". (The reader is not told what this may be, except that it is evidently valuable enough to kill for.) The extra-solar environment is chosen by Leinster in order to convey the feeling of an ever-expanding frontier - Sol's own Asteroid Belt has become "tame", as did the rings of Saturn, and the rough adventurous types move further on. (The historical model is obviously the recurring Gold Rush of the Nineteenth Century, drawing adventurers in 1840's from the settled East Coast to wild California, and in 1890's from settled California to the wild Klondike).
• In Jerry Pournelle's story Tinker (1975), part of the collection High Justice which is the first volume of Pournelle's Future History, the Asteroid Belt is dominated by a consortium of multinational corporations (upgraded to multi-planetary corporations by this time). Pournelle deliberately turns upside down the well-established rules of this sub-genre by making the corporations and their field agent into the Good Guys of the story. The Bad Guys are the rugged miners of Jefferson Asteroid, who use assorted dirty tricks in their effort to get free of the corporations' rule — an aspiration which a character describes as "an atavistic nationalism for which there is no room in the Belt".

• In The Stone Dogs (1990), part of S. M. Stirling's dystopian Draka alternate history series, the Asteroid Belt becomes a major arena of the decades-long struggle between "The Domination of the Draka", a political and military entity bent on conquering everybody else and reducing them to literal slavery, and its arch-enemy "The Alliance for Democracy". Following "The Final War" of that history's 1998, the tough Asteroid miners are the last holdout against the victorious Draka. Though they, too, are eventually overwhelmed, they are able to launch "New America", a huge starship carrying some 40,000 colonists to the stars, to keep the cause alive and fight again another day.

• In C. J. Cherryh's 1991 novel Heavy Time, mining of the asteroid belt of Earth's solar system is portrayed as a critical aspect of the economy in the 24th century. A core plot element in the book centers around a dispute over mining rights to a particularly large asteroid rich with valuable minerals. The dispute involves ASTEX, a giant mining corporation, and the book describes in detail ASTEX's mining operations in the asteroid belt.
• James Hlavaty's and Tom Lehmann's 1995 game 2038; Tycoons of the Asteroid Belt transposes the highly successful "18xx" series of railroad games into the asteroid belt.
• Ben Bova's novel series The Asteroid Wars (2001 – 2004) which focuses on a trade war over the mining of the Belt which develops into a shooting war.
• In Frederik Pohl's Heechee series, explorers discover an asteroid orbiting perpendicular to the solar plane, filled with hundreds of small spaceships left aeons ago by a mysterious alien race which humans call "Heechee". Named Gateway by the discovers, the powerful nations of the world occupy the asteroid and subsequently form the Gateway Corporation to administer the object. Under their open eye, there develops a culture of adventurers and prospectors rather similar to that portrayed in other asteroid books. Here, however, the prospecting is not for mineral wealth but rather for interstellar discovery, to which the adventurers set out blindly in the hardly-understood alien ships, in trips which can end with riches or death.
• In the British sitcom Red Dwarf asteroids have presumably been mined for at least several decades, as Dave Lister is once heard singing a futuristic version of "Clementine" - "On an asteroid / Evacuating for a mine / Lived an old plutonium miner / And his daughter Clementine...". The Jupiter Mining Corporation, which operates the ship Red Dwarf, presumably mines on asteroids (Red Dwarf itself mined the Neptunian moon Triton, according to the novels).

[edit] Navigational hazard

Another way in which asteroids could be considered a source of danger is by depicting them as a hazard to navigation, especially threatening to ships travelling from Earth to the outer parts of the Solar System and thus needing to pass the Asteroid Belt (or make a time- and fuel-consuming detour around it). Asteroids in this context provide to space travel stories a space equivalent of reefs and underwater rocks in the older genre of sea-faring adventures stories. And like reefs and rocks in the ocean, asteroids as navigation hazards can also be used by bold outlaws to avoid pursuit.

Representations of the Asteroid Belt in film tend to make it unrealistically cluttered with dangerous rocks. In reality asteroids, even in the main belt, are spaced extremely far apart (even so, they can still be a risk to ships travelling at high speeds).

• In the classic science-fiction movie 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), the Discovery has a scientifically accurate "close approach" by a binary asteroid whilst en route to Jupiter. The scene simply cuts briefly to two lone rocks passing by the ship, with tens of thousands of kilometres to spare.
• Atari released the arcade game Asteroids, which involves survival in a dense asteroid field in which collision is an ever-present hazard, in 1979.
• In the film The Empire Strikes Back (1980). Han Solo enters an asteroid field to flee from the fleet of the evil Empire, and C-3PO thinks it is a bad idea. Han then hides his ship, the Millennium Falcon inside a giant asteroid; the ship then finds itself inside a colossal animal that lives within the asteroid.
• Arthur C. Clarke's novel 2061: Odyssey Three (1986) depicts a journey through the asteroid belt and its ominous parallels with the journey of the RMS Titanic.
• Michael Flynn's The Wreck of the The River of Stars (2003) consciously transfers many of the themes of nautical adventure novels to a meticulously accurate Asteroid Belt environment, it gives a dramatic account of cumulative accidents, mismatched good intentions and power struggles among crew members in a former space luxury liner turned tramp freighter (the "River of Stars" of the title) which culminate in a disastrous collision with an asteroid.
• In the BBC drama documentary Space Odyssey: Voyage to the Planets (2004), the Pegasus encounters a binary asteroid from much closer than expected, and dubs the rocks "Hubris" and "Catastrophe" as a result.

[edit] Fifth planet

Before colonization of the asteroids became an attractive possibility, a main interest in them was theories as to their origin - specifically, the theory that the asteroids are remnants of an exploded planet. This naturally leads to SF plot lines dealing with the possibility that the planet had been inhabited, and if so -that the inhabitants caused its destruction themselves, by war or gross environmental mismanagement. A further extension is from the past of the existing asteroids to the possible future destruction of Earth or other planets and their rendering into new asteroids.

• In Robert A. Heinlein's Space Cadet (1948), the hero's first assignment after graduation from the Space Patrol's academy is to a ship charting the intractable Asteroid Belt. He has the luck to be involved in a startling discovery: not only is the Belt proven to be what is left of an exploded planet, but also remains are found of that planet's inhabitants.

• In Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land (which takes place in a different future than Space Cadet) the Martians of the novel "encountered the people of the fifth planet, grokked them completely, and had taken action; asteroid ruins were all that remained, save that the Martians continued to praise and cherish the people they had destroyed." There remains at the end of the novel the uneasy thought that they might do the same to us, were they to determine that we were, by their standards, insane.^[4]

• In the video game Final Fantasy IV, the fifth planet is populated by a race of highly advanced humanoids who are aware that their planet is unstable. Thus they travel to Earth and craft a second moon to live on as the fifth planet explodes to create the asteroid belt. The character FuSoYa is a member of this race, which is called the Lunarians due to their living on the moon (the true name of their race is not said).

• Similarly, the Japanese science fiction film The Mysterians aka Chikyu Boeigun (1957) reveals the solar system's asteroid belt as the remnants of the Mysterian's home planet, Mysteroid, after a nuclear war broke out.
• In Alexander Kazantsev's The Destruction of Faena (1974), the asteroid belt is said to be the debris of Faena, the fifth planet of the Solar System located just between Jupiter and Mars. Faena was destroyed thousands of years before the first civilizations of Earth appeared, following the activation of a doomsday device-like thermonuclear super weapon built by the native sentient species and the few of them who survived the explosion (by launching into space) had to seek refuge on Mars and Earth. The homo sapiens genus is thus assumed to be a mixture of local DNA and the Faetan genes.
• In James P. Hogan's Inherit the Stars (1977), first book of the Giants series, Minerva was a planet that exploded to form the asteroid belt 50,000 years ago.
• In David Weber's Mutineer's Moon, the asteroid belt was a planet that was geologically unstable. The Achuultani attacked the planet with kinetic weapons, shattering it and then attacked Earth, resulting in the extinction of the dinosaurs.

In a rare variant, the Fifth Planet exists not in the past but the future:

• In Fredric Brown's Rogue in Space (1957), a living (and intelligent, and very powerful) asteroid arrives in the Solar System's Asteroid Belt, after countless aeons of wandering interstellar space. Passing near a lonely asteroid, "he" encounters the first living beings other than "himself" which "he" ever met: a likeable criminal involved in a life-and-death struggle with a corrupt and power-mad judge. The bad judge is eventually killed, but so is the judge's beautiful wife who is the good criminal's ally and beloved. The god-like Living Rock takes pity on the couple, resurrects the woman, collects all the asteroids in the Belt and forms them back into a planet with "himself" at its centre, and makes of the new planet a private Paradise for "his" favourite human couple.

[edit] New asteroid belts

A theme related to that of the Fifth Planet is the generation of a new asteroid belt, via the demolition of a planet, sometimes the Earth.

• In Jules Verne's "Facing the Flag", a mad genius invents an enormously poweful new explosive, of which a few grams suffice to blow a passable tunnel through many metres of tough volcanic rock. One of the story's villains remarks that several thousands tons might be enough to blow up the entire Earth and render it into a new Asteroid Belt - which (though no charcter in the story has any desire to actually try it) seems to be the first time that such a suggestion was made in Science Fiction
• In Keith Laumer's Worlds of the Imperium (1962), the hero, travelling in a vehicle capable of traversing parallel worlds passes many where Earth had been shattered in a cataclysmic war and was rendered into a scattered collection of asteroids. He gets a brief and horrifying glimpse of an asteroid on which a section of road is still visible. Later, he learns that our own Earth narrowly avoided a similar fate.
• In Poul Anderson's The Corridors of Time (1965), two groups — "The Wardens" and "The Rangers" — wage a relentless struggle for control of Earth and the Solar System. As a result, Mars is blown up, its remnants becoming a new Asteroid Belt. Thereupon, the two fighting sides tacitly agree to use more subtle forms of fighting, involving mainly time-travel.
• L. Neil Smith's book The Venus Belt (1980) ends with the "useless" planet Venus being deliberately blown up so as to create a new Asteroid Belt. (This in fact belongs to a later kind of asteroid SF, where asteroids are rated as more valuable than planets).

[edit] Collisions with Earth

A common depiction of asteroids (and less often, of Comets) in fiction is as a threat, whose impact on Earth could result with incalculable damage and loss of life. This has a basis in scientific hypotheses regarding such impacts in the distant past as responsible for the extinction of the Dinosaurs and other past catastrophes — though, as they seem to occur within tens of millions of years of each other, there is no special reason (other than creating a dramatic story line) to expect a new such impact at any close millennium.

• In a Space Patrol episode "The Wandering Asteroid" - The Space Patrol crew accept a dangerous mission to destroy an asteroid deflected from its orbit by a cometary collision and heading directly for the Martian capital Wotan.
• In Green Slime (1968), a masterpiece of B-movies, a rogue asteroid hurtles toward Earth. The astronauts leave Space station Gamma 3 and place bombs on the asteroid, finding it inhabited by strange blobs of glowing slime that are drawn to the equipment. Unfortunately for everyone some of the slime is carried back on a space suit and soon evolves into tentacled creatures.^[5] The movie inspired the classic board game Awful Green Things from Outer Space.
• In Larry Niven's book Protector (1973), Jack Brennan — a human turned into a Pak Protector — commits genocide by causing an ice asteroid to collide with Mars, thereby causing a rise in the water content of its atmosphere and exterminating the native Martians to whom water is a deadly poison.
• In Pournelle and Niven's book, Lucifer's Hammer (1977), the world's population falls into panic at hearing of an impending collision with a space object, is falsely reassured when hearing that the object is not an asteroid but a comet "with the density of sundae", then finds out the hard way that at the speed of collision this still causes enormous damage and throws the world into total chaos.
• The disaster film Meteor (1979) depicts an asteroid named Orpheus hurtling toward Earth after its orbit is deflected by a comet.
• In Jerry Pournelle's and Larry Niven's book Footfall (1985), elephant-like aliens launch an asteroid which lands in the Indian Ocean, causing huge tsunami which almost completely wipe out life in India and cause enormous damage to all countries which have shores on that ocean.
• The Oxygen Barons (1990) by Gregory Feeley begins with the protagonist Galvanix, a citizen of the Lunar Republic, preparing to plant a small fusion bomb on an asteroid which threatens to smash into the terraformed Moon, causing untold devastation. He succeeds, but there are complications which take a whole book to resolve.^[6]
• Arthur C. Clarke's novel The Hammer of God (1993) depicts mankind's efforts to stop an asteroid named Kali from hitting the Earth. The film Deep Impact (1998) was based on Clarke's novel, although in the movie, the asteroid becomes a comet (see [1]). In another Clarke book, Rendezvous with Rama, an asteroid impacts in Northern Italy destroys Padua, Verona and Venice. In the aftermath of that disaster, a regular Spaceguard against rogue asteroids is formed, whose members are the protagonists in the main story line — a meeting with a mysterious alien space artifact.
• In the LucasArts game The Dig (originally released in 1995) and its novelization, the impact-threatening asteroid Attila turns out to be an alien probe.
• The film Armageddon (1998) is also about efforts to stop an asteroid hitting Earth. Its representation of an asteroid (and of space travel in general) is deeply unrealistic.
• In the 1998 movie Starship Troopers, based on Robert A. Heinlein's controversial 1959 book of the same name, aliens launch an asteroid at Earth, completely wiping out Buenos Aires. This is the opening move in the war.
• An episode of Stargate SG-1 entitled "Fail Safe" has a Goa'uld surreptitiously diverting an asteroid onto a collision course with Earth (first broadcast April 5, 2002).
• An episode of the political television drama, The West Wing entitled "Impact Winter" included a subplot in which the White House staff prepared for a possible asteroid strike on the Earth. (First broadcast on December 15, 2004).
• In the computer game Outpost, the Earth is threatened by an asteroid named Vulcan's Hammer. A plan is made to stop the asteroid, with a nuclear warhead. This however fails and splts the asteroid into two pieces, which collide with the Earth. With the Earth destroyed, a group of selected colonists head off into space, in search of new home.

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] See also

• Ceres in fiction
• Colonization of the asteroids