Community informatics
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Community informatics, also known as community networking, electronic community networking, community-based technologies or community technology refers to an emerging set of principles and practices concerned with the use of [[information and communication technology]] (ICT) for personal, social, cultural or economic development within communities. It can be considered as an emergent sub-discipline of informatics (information science).
Human activity, with rare exceptions, is lived in communities. The concept of "community" has seen countless analyses and critiques. It can be seen in two contexts. First, the reality of "community" as a lived and working experience where the lived community and the physical community overlap (as for example in rural areas). Second, the reality and significance of neighbourhoods, ethnic and cultural associations, and professional interests among others remain central preoccupations and frameworks for social meaning and social action (as for example in urban areas). Thus "communities", as people coming together in pursuit of their common aims or shared practices both physically and electronically-enabled, proliferate even while their "researched" reality remains in considerable dispute. While there is considerable investment in supporting the electronic development of business communities (for example, corporate intranets, or purpose-built exchange communities such as Ebay, there is far less understanding of electronic communities that are adjunct to everyday social life. There is growing interest in how different information and communication technologies can enable and empower ordinary, social communities in relation to the achievement of their collective goals.
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[edit] Academic approaches
As an academic discipline community informatics (CI) can be seen as a field of practice in applied information and communications technology. The term was brought to prominence by Michael Gurstein. He brought out the first represent in the field, although others, such as Brian Loader and his colleagues at the University of Teesside used the term in the mid-1990s.
CI brings together the practices of community development and organization, and insights from fields such as sociology, planning, computer science, women's studies, library and information sciences, management information systems, and management studies. Its outcomes -- community networks and community-based ICT-enabled service applications -- are of increasing interest to grassroots organizations, NGOs and civil society, governments, the private sector, and multilateral agencies among others. Self-organized community initiatives of all varieties, from different countries, are concerned with ways to harness ICTs for social capital, poverty alleviation and for the empowerment of the "local" in relation to its larger economic, political and social environments.
Community informatics may in fact, not gel as a single field within the academy, akin for example to Information Systems or Management Information Systems, but remain a convenient locale for interdisciplinary activity, drawing upon many fields of social practice and endeavour, as well as knowledge of community applications of technology. However, one can begin to see the emergence of a postmodern "Trans-discipline" presenting a challenge to existing disciplinary "stove-pipes" from the perspectives of the rapidly evolving fields of technology practice, technology change, public policy and commercial interest.
Many of the earliest initiatives in community based technologies emerged out of universities where junior faculty and graduate students recognized the possible application of the types of technologies with which they were working professionally in relation to the frequently activist involvements and interests of their private lives. A precursor to current community networks can be found in the San Francisco and UC Berkeley based Community Memory project of the mid-1970's (and a related effort in Vancouver, BC, Canada) which was linked to elements of campus activism at the time. Through providing publicly accessible terminal access to central databases and an electronic bulletin board, the Community Memory project presaged many of the current elements of community networking.
Similarly many of the more recent community networking initiatives emerged out of university faculty and students with an interest in retaining computing and Internet access once they had left their campuses or in making the exciting new ICT resources more widely available within local communities for purposes of social servicing and as a support for local empowerment.
Given that many of those most actively involved in these efforts were academics (drawn from a variety of disciplines including Anthropology, Computing Science, Development Studies, Information Science, Management, Planning, Sociology, and Social Work among others) it was only inevitable that a process of "sense-making" with respect to these efforts would follow on quite quickly from the flurry of "tool-making" efforts. A first formal meeting of researchers with an academic interest in these initiatives was held in conjunction with the 1999 Global Community Networking Conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This meeting began the process of linking Developed Country community based ICT initiatives and research with initiatives being undertaken in Less Developed Countries often as part of larger economic and social development programmes funded by agencies such as the UN Development Programme, World Bank, or the International Development Research Centre. For the first time, the efforts being undertaken in using ICT for economic and social development purposes in the Developed Countries began to find common interests and common cause with parallel efforts in Less Developed Countries and similarly those with academic or research activities in these areas began to see common and overlapping interests.
[edit] Community-based approaches
Many practitioners would dispute any necessary connection to university research, regarding academic theorising and interventions as a constraining or element on grassroots activity which should be beyond the control of traditional institutions, or simply irrelevant to practical local goals.
Some of the commonalities and differences may be due to national and cultural differences. For example, the capacity of many North American (and particularly US) universities to engage in service learning as part of progressive charters in communities large and small is part of a long-standing tradition absent elsewhere. However, the tradition of service learning is almost entirely absent in the UK, Australia, or New Zealand, (and of limited significance in Canada) where the State has traditionally played a much stronger role in the delivery of community services and information.
In some countries such as the UK, there is a tradition of locally based grassroots community technology, for example in Manchester, or in Hebden Bridge. In Italy and the Netherlands, there also appears to have been a strong connection between the development of local civic networks based around a tradition of civic oppositionism, connected into the work of progressive academics.
In Latin America, Africa and many parts of Asia these efforts have been driven by external funding agencies as part of larger programs and initiatives in support of broader economic and social development goals. However, these efforts have now become significantly "indigenized" (and particularly in Latin America) and "bottom-up" ICT efforts are increasingly playing a leading role in defining the future use of ICT within local communities.
[edit] Tensions
There is a tension between the practice and research ends of the field. To some extent this reflects the gap, familiar from other disciplines such as community development, community organizing and community based research [1], community health and community education also referred to as community learning, between a desire for accountable - especially quantifiable and outcome-focused social development, typically practised by government or supported by foundations, and the more participatory, qualitatively-rich, process-driven priorities of grass-roots community activists, familiar from theorists such as Paulo Freire, or Deweyan pragmatism.
Some of the theoretical and practical tensions are also familiar from such disciplines as program evaluation and social policy, and perhaps paradoxically, Management Information Systems, where there is continual debate over the relative virtue and values of different forms of research and action, spread around different understandings of the virtues or otherwise of allegedly "scientific" or "value-free" activity (frequently associated with "responsible" and deterministic public policy philosophies), and contrasted with more interpretive and process driven viewpoints in bottom-up or practice driven activity. Community informatics would in fact probably benefit from closer knowledge of, and relationship to, theorists, practitioners, and evaluators of rigorous qualitative research and practice.
A further concern is the potential for practice to be 'hijacked' by policy or academic agendas, rather than being driven by community goals whether in Developed Country "Digital Divide" programs or in projects situated in Less Developed Countries. Ethical issues around such issues have not been sufficiently explored.
Moreover, neither explicit theoretical positions nor ideological positioning has yet to emerge. Many projects appear to have developed with no particular disciplinary affiliation, arising more directly from policy or practice imperatives to 'do something' with technology as funding opportunities arise or as those at the grassroots (or working with the grassroots) identify ICT as possible resources to respond to local issues, problems or opportunities.
The papers and documented outcomes (as questions or issues for further research or elaboration)on the wiki of the October 2006 Prato conference demonstrate that many of the social, rather than technical issues are key questions of concern to any practitioner in community settings: how to bring about change; the nature of authentic or manufactured community; ethical frameworks; or the politics of community research.
[edit] Marxist interpretations
Another approach, ripe for further elaboration, is the connection between the frequently-expressed utopian aims of community networks, and more independent uses of new technologies, such as found in Indymedia, and more recently, blogs and wikis. To what degree is community networking or informatics (or elements of it), part of an autonomous movement within industrialised, capitalist societies to develop new forms and relationships via ICT? Or is community networking merely ameliorative? Has capitalism managed to re-absorb revolutionary electronic tendencies?
The work of autonomous Marxists (Negri, Hardt and others) offers a rich theoretical and comparative base for examining community informatics/networking as part of the rise of 'immaterial labour', that is, a new grouping of labour power in a system suffused with technocience (Nick Witheford-Dyer). Has Marx's vision of the future of capitalism, where material production is produced by the wealth of the 'general productive forces of the social brain' (Grundrisse chapter 6) really come true? Is electronic automation really undermining the system of production, does ICT offer communities (or those working through communities) an opportunity for counter-power or do the benefits of ICT by and large and necessarily only privilege a minority?
[edit] Research and Practice Interests
Research and practice ranges from concerns with purely virtual communities; to situations in which virtual or online communication are used to enhance existing communities in urban, rural, or remote geographic locations in developed or developing countries; to applications of ICTs for the range of areas of interest for communities including social and economic development, environmental management, media and "content" production, public management and e-governance among others. A central concern, although one not always realized in practice is with "enabling" or "empowering" communities with ICT that is, ensuring that the technology is available for the community. This further implies an approach to development which is rather more "bottom up" than "top down".
Areas of concern range from small-scale projects in particular communities or organizations which might involve only a handful of people, such as an on online community of disabled people; telecentres; civic networks and to large national, government sponsored networking projects in countries such as Australia and Canada or local community projects such as working with Maori families in New Zealand. The Gates Foundation has been active in supporting public libraries in countries such as Chile. An area of rapidly developing interest is in the use of ICT as a means to enhance citizen engagement as an "e-Governance" counterpart (or counterweight) to transaction oriented initiatives.
[edit] Socio-Technical Concerns
There is also an emerging interest in the area among those with an interest in the technological aspects of "community based" ICT use and applications. In part this is generated by a recognition that new approaches to hardware and software design may be needed to respond to the needs in developing countries or low income communities, many of whom may approach computing from a family, group or community perspective. Others approach these issues based on a concern for the social applications and uses of ICT, while still others have an interest in pursuing these from the perspective of community-based ICT strategies for knowledge creation, management and innovation; collaborative decision making and action; and flexible, dispersed and/or community based networking strategies for ICT enabled production and control. This range of concerns can be seen, for example, in the November 2006 |Workshop in Montpelier which brought together Information Systems and sociological perspectives in a rigorous way through both peer-reviewed publications and intensive discussions.
[edit] Networks
There are emerging online and personal networks of researchers and practitioners in community informatics and community networking in many countries as well as international groupings. The past decade has also seen conferences in many countries, and there is an emerging literature for theoreticians and practitioners including the on-line Journal of Community Informatics.
It is surprising in fact, how much in common is found when people from developed and non-developed countries meet. A common theme is the struggle to convince policy makers of the legitimacy of this approach to developing electronically-literate societies, instead of a top-down or trickle-down approach, or an approach dominated by technical, rather than social solutions which in the end, tend to help vendors rather than communities. A common criticism that is frequently raised amongst participants at events such as the Prato conferences is that a focus on technical solutions evades the social changes that communities need to achieve in their values, activities and other people-oriented outcomes in order to make better use of technology.
The field tends to have a progressive bent, being concerned about the use of technology for social and cultural development connected to a desire for capacity building or expanding social capital, and in a number of countries, governments and foundations have funded a variety of community informatics projects and initiatives, particularly from a more tightly controlled, though not well-articulated social planning perspective, though knowledge about long-term effects of such forms of social intervention on use of technology is still in its early stages.
[edit] Associations and publications
National associations and organisations have coalesced around these issues in the UK, US, Canada, Australia, the Commonwealth of Independent States and elsewhere. Most recently a community informatics research hub has been established in South Africa at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Relevant online links include the Community Informatics Research Network from which connections can be made into listservs and events, and the journals Information, Communication and Society, and The Journal of Community Informatics.
[edit] References
- Gurstein, M. (Ed.) Community Informatics: Enabling Communities with Information and Communications Technologies, Idea Group Publishing, Hershey PA, 2000
[edit] See also
- Nonprofit technology
- Circuit rider (Technology)
- Information and Communication Technologies for Development
[edit] External links
The following is a list of organisations specifically dedicated to research and practice in community informatics and community networking: (practitioners and academics should add their own)
- Association for Community Networking
- Centre for Community Networking Research Monash University
- CIRN 2006 Conference
- Community Informatics Initiative, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- The Community Informatics Research and Applications Unit, University of Teesside (now defunct)
- CIRN 2005 conference
- Community Media Application Developers / Social Informatics Group, University of Teesside
- Community Network Analysis, University of Brighton
- Human Service Information Technology Applications
- Nonprofit Informatics Research Group
- Telecenters of the Americas Partnership
[edit] Mailing lists
The following are mailing lists which provide on-going discussion on matters related to Community Informatics
