Hugh Stott Taylor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hugh Stott Taylor (6 February 1890 - 17 April 1974) was a chemist primarily interested in catalysis. He developed important methods for procuring heavy water during World War II and pioneered the use of stable isotopes in studying chemical reactions.
Contents |
[edit] Early life
Taylor was born in St Helens, Lancashire, England in 1890. He attended the University of Liverpool, where he received his B.Sc. in 1909 and his M.Sc. in 1910. Taylor then carried out three years of graduate work in Liverpool, after which he spent one year at the Nobel Institute in Stockholm in the laboratory of Svante Arrhenius and another at the Technische Hochschule in Hanover under Max Bodenstein. These studies earned him a Doctor of Science degree from the University of Liverpool in 1914.
[edit] Basic research
Taylor showed that chemisorption may be an activated process, and occur slowly. Moreover, he conceived the idea that chemically active sites might be sparse on the surface of a catalyst and, hence, could be inhibited with relatively few molecules.
Taylor showed that hydrogen atoms are key intermediates of reactions involving H<sub2 on metal surfaces.
Taylor also discovered the conversion of heptane to toluene over chromium oxide.
[edit] Protein structure
Taylor and a graduate student developed the first semi-realistic model of the α-helix, an element of protein secondary structure. An earlier model by Astbury had been shown to be physically implausible by Hans Neurath. Using physical models and chemical reasoning, Taylor sought to find a better model, which differs only slightly from the modern α-helix proposed by Linus Pauling and Richard Corey. Taylor reported their models at his Franklin medal lecture (1941) and in press (1942).
[edit] Large-scale preparation of heavy water
[edit] Work at Princeton
Taylor began at Princeton in 1914 as Instructor in Physical Chemistry, and by 1915, was made an Assistant Professor. He was promoted to Professor of Physical Chemistry in 1922 and became chair of the Chemistry Department at Princeton in 1926, where he served until 1951. In 1927, Taylor became the David B. Jones Professor of Chemistry at Princeton. Taylor also served as the Dean of the Graduate School at Princeton from 1948-1958.
As Chair of Chemistry from 1926-1951, Taylor developed the Chemistry Dept. at Princeton energetically and oversaw the construction of the Frick Chemical Laboratory.
[edit] Personal life
Taylor was knighted by both Pope Pius XII and Queen Elizabeth II.
There is a Hugh Stott Taylor Chair of Chemistry at Princeton, funded by an anonymous gift of $500K in honor of Taylor's contributions to Princeton.
Taylor was a devoted Catholic, helped to establish the Catholic chaplaincy at Princeton in 1928 and spoke publicly about the reconciliation of science and faith.
[edit] References
- (1974) Nature, 251, 266.
- (1975) Chem. Brit., 11, 370-371.
- (1975) Biog. Mem. Fell. Roy. Soc, 21, 517-541.
