List of war crimes

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This article lists and summarizes War Crimes committed since the Hague Conventions of 1907. In addition, those incidents which have been judged in a court of law to be Crimes Against Peace and Crimes against Humanity that have been committed since these crimes were first defined (in the London Charter, August 8, 1945) are also included.^[1]

Since many war crimes are not ultimately prosecuted (due to lack of political will, lack of effective procedures, or other practical and political reasons), historians and lawyers will often make a serious case that war crimes occurred, even if there was no formal investigations or prosecution of the alleged crimes or an investigation cleared the alleged perpetrators.

War crimes under international law were firmly established by the 1945 Nuremberg Major War Crimes Trials, in which German leaders were prosecuted for war crimes committed during World War II. For purpose of selectivity, only war crimes since the customary laws of war were clarified in the Hague Conventions of 1907 are included, because in the judgement at the Major War Crimes Trial in Nuremberg in 1945, it was stated that "by 1939 these rules laid down in the Hague Convention of 1907 were recognised by all civilised nations, and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war".^[2]

Contents 1 World War I 1.1 German perpetrated crimes 1.2 Turkish perpetrated crimes 2 1935-1936: Second Italo-Abyssinian War 3 1937-1945: Second Sino-Japanese War 4 1939-1945 World War II 4.1 Axis powers (listed by country) 4.1.1 Italian perpetrated crimes 4.1.2 German perpetrated crimes 4.1.3 Hungarian perpetrated crimes 4.1.4 Japanese perpetrated crimes 4.1.5 Romanian perpetrated crimes 4.2 Allied powers (listed by country) 4.2.1 Soviet Union perpetrated crimes 4.2.2 United Kingdom perpetrated crimes 4.2.3 United States perpetrated crimes 4.2.4 Yugoslavian partisans perpetrated crimes 5 1968-1973: Vietnam War 5.1 North Vietnam 6 1971: Bangladesh War 7 Cambodian civil war 1970-1994 8 Lao civil war 1960-1975 9 1980-1988: Iran-Iraq War 10 Circa 1985-: Lord's Resistance Army v. Ugandan Government (kidnap, rape, and forced murder involving children) 11 Bosnian War 1992-1995 12 1990-2000: Liberia / Sierra Leone 13 1990: Invasion of Kuwait 14 1991: U.S.-led Gulf War 15 1998-2006: Second Congo War 16 See also 17 Footnotes 18 External links

[edit] World War I

[edit] German perpetrated crimes

See also: German war crimes

Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
World War I	War of aggression	Government of the German Empire and people of Germany	Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the 'war guilt' clause) held Germany solely responsible for waging a war of aggression, and thus for all 'loss and damage' suffered by the Allies during the war and provided the basis for reparations. It was widely seen as victor's justice and unfair in Germany, and resentment against this judgement helped fuel World War II[citation needed].

[edit] Turkish perpetrated crimes

Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Armenian Genocide[3]	Crimes against humanity (so called in a joint statement issued by the major Allied powers in 1915)[3]	The post-World War I Turkish Government indicted the top leaders involved and the officials of the Young Turk Regime were tried and convicted, as charged, for organizing and executing massacres against the Armenian people. The chief organizers were the Minister of War Enver, the Minister of the Interior Talaat, and the Minister of the Navy Jemal were all condemned to death for their crimes, however, the verdicts of the courts were not enforced.[3]	On 15 September 2005 a United States Congressional resolution stated that "The Armenian Genocide was conceived and carried out by the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1923, resulting in the deportation of nearly 2,000,000 Armenians, of whom 1,500,000 men, women, and children were killed, 500,000 survivors were expelled from their homes, and which succeeded in the elimination of the over 2,500-year presence of Armenians in their historic homeland."[3]

[edit] 1935-1936: Second Italo-Abyssinian War

Armed conflict		perpetrator
Second Italo-Abyssinian War		Italy
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Italian use of mustard gas against enemy soldiers and civilians.	Contravention of the 1925 Geneva Protocol[citation needed].	Top commanding officer Gen. Pietro Badoglio indicted but never tried in court[citation needed].	Invasion of Ethiopia and Somalia by Italy under Benito Mussolini.

[edit] 1937-1945: Second Sino-Japanese War

This section includes war crimes until 8 December 1941 when China declared war on Japan so entering World War II. For war crimes after this date see the section called World War II: Japan perpetrated crimes.

Armed conflict		perpetrator
Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)		Japan
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsibe	Notes
Nanjing Massacre,[4] China, 1937-38	Mass murder of civilian population, rape, looting	General Asaka Yasuhiko, commander, Japanese Shanghai Expeditionary Force, Imperial Japanese Army. General Iwane Matsui, Commanding general of Japanese forces in China, Imperial Japanese Army. Minister of War Hideki Tojo. Debate still is ongoing as to the culpability of Emperor Hirohito in the events.	After the Battle of Nanking, on 13 December, 1937, Japanese entered the city virtually resistance free. From then for a period of about 6 weeks after, until early February 1938, widespread war crimes were committed including mass rape, looting, arson, the killing of civilians and prisoners of war.

[edit] 1939-1945 World War II

[edit] Axis powers (listed by country)

[edit] Italian perpetrated crimes

• War crimes in the Balkans, in France, Italy and on the Eastern Front
• No one has been brought to trial for war crimes, although in 1950 the former Italian defense minister was convicted for collaboration with Nazi Germany.
• See Italian war crimes.

[edit] German perpetrated crimes

According to the Nuremberg Trials, there were four major war crimes that were alleged against German military (and Waffen-SS and NSDAP) men and officers, each with individual events that made up the major charges.

1. Participation in a common plan of conspiracy for the accomplishment of crimes against peace

2. Planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace

• Planning and executing a campaign of invasion of its European neighbors, as well as the conspiracy to violate the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Saint-Germain through the remilitarization of the Rhineland, and the annexations of Austria and Czechoslovakia.

3. War Crimes These were limited to atrocities against combatants or conventional crimes committed by military units(see War crimes of the Wehrmacht), and include:

• Invasion of Poland, in the period of 1st September- 25th October 1939 German Wehrmacht during its military actions engaged in executions of Polish POWs, bombed hospitals, murdered civilians, shot refugees, executed wounded soldiers. The cautious estimates give a number of at least 16,000 murdered victims[2]
• Pacification Operations in German occupied Poland, during the occupation of Poland by German Reich, Wehrmacht forces took part in several pacification actions in rural areas, that resulted in murder of at least 20,000 Polish villagers
• Le Paradis massacre, May 1940, British soldiers of the Royal Norfolk Regiment, captured by the SS and subsequently murdered. Fritz Knoechlein tried, found guilty and hanged.
• Wormhoudt massacre, May 1940, British and French soldiers captured by the SS and subsequently murdered. No one found guilty of the crime.
• d'Ardenne Massacres, June 1944 Canadian soldiers captured by the SS and Murdered by 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend. SS General Kurt Meyer (Panzermeyer) sentenced to be shot 1946; sentence commuted; released 1954
• Malmedy massacre, December 1944, United States POWs captured by Kampfgruppe Peiper were murdered outside of Malmedy, Belgium.
• Gardelegen (war crime)
• Marzabotto massacre
• Sant'Anna di Stazzema
• Cefalonia Massacre
• Oradour-sur-Glane
• The annihilation of the Czech city of Lidice
• Massacre of Kalavryta
• The suppression of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising
• The treatment of Soviet POWs throughout the war, who were not given the protections and guarantees of the Geneva Convention
• Unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant shipping.

4. Crimes against Humanity These were crimes that were committed well away from the lines of battle and were unconnected in any way to military activity.

• The major crime was the Holocaust, including:
  • The construction and use of Vernichtungslagern, most prominently at Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, Belzec, Sobibór, and Chełmno
    • The employment of other camps across Europe, including Dachau, Sachsenhausen, Mauthausen and Bergen-Belsen which served unofficially as death camps to a degree
  • Death marches of prisoners, particularly in the last months of the war when the aforementioned camps were being overrun by the Allies
  • The widespread use of slave and unfree labor by the Nazi regime, including the use of concentration camp and extermination camp prisoners as slaves
  • The establishment of Jewish Ghettos in Eastern Europe
  • The use of SSEinsatzgruppen, mobile extermination squads
  • Babi Yar
  • Rumbula
  • Dnepropetrovsk
  • Ninth Fort
  • Simferopol
  • The massacre of 100,000 Jews and Poles at Paneriai
  • The suppression of the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising which erupted when the SS came to clear the ghetto and send all of the occupants to extermination camps
  • Izieu Massacre

Other crimes against humanity included:

• The Porajmos, the Nazi pogrom against the Romany peoples of Europe
• The Łapanka or "Catching Game," -- Nazi roundups of Poles in the major cities for slave labor and other purposes
• Nikolaev Massacre
• Operation Tannenberg, the AB Action and the Massacre of Lwów professors, all Nazi actions in Poland meant to mass murder the Polish intelligentsia and other potential leaders of resistance.
• The Nazi T-4 Euthanasia Program, an aborted eugenics program meant to kill German children who were mentally or physically handicapped. 200,000 people were gassed to death due to this program.

Well over 10 million people were systematically killed by the Nazi regime (Some accountings place the figure at over 20 million) from crimes against humanity, in particular the Holocaust. Of this figure, the largest amount of deaths happened among the Jews. The common estimate is that 5 to 6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, although a complete count may never be known. After the war, the Nazi regime was put on trial in two tribunals in Nuremberg, Germany by the victorious Allied powers from 1945 to 1949. The first tribunal indicted 24 major Nazi war criminals, and resulted in 19 convictions (of which 12 led to death sentences) and 3 acquittals. The second tribunal indicted 185 members of the military, economic, and political leadership of Nazi Germany, of which 142 were convicted and 35 were acquitted. In subsequent decades, approximately 20 additional war criminals who escaped capture in the immediate aftermath of World War II were tried in West Germany and Israel. In Germany and many other European nations, the Nazi Party is outlawed.

[edit] Hungarian perpetrated crimes

Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Ip massacre	[citation needed]	[citation needed]	This article or section does not cite its references or sources. You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.
Treznea massacre	[citation needed]	[citation needed]	This article or section does not cite its references or sources. You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.

[edit] Japanese perpetrated crimes

Main article: Japanese war crimes

This section includes war crimes from 8 December 1941 when China declared war on Japan so entering World War II. For war crimes before this date which took place during the Second Sino-Japanese War please see the section above called 1937-1945: Second Sino-Japanese War.

Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
World War II	Crimes against peace		Were tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East
Banka Island Massacre,[5] Dutch East Indies, 1942	[citation needed]	?	The merchant ship Vyner Brooke was sunk by Japanese aircraft. The survivors who made it to Banka Island were all were shot or bayonetted. One nurse Vivian Bullwinkel survived the massacre and later testified at a war crimes trial in Tokyo in 1947[6]
Bataan Death March,[7] Philippines, 1942[8]	[citation needed]	General Masaharu Homma was convicted by an Allied commission of war crimes, including the atrocities of the death march out of Bataan, and the atrocities at Camp O'Donnell and Cabanatuan that followed. He was executed on April 3, 1946 outside Manila.	Approximately 75,000 Filipino and US soldiers, commanded by Major General Edward P. King, Jr. formally surrendered to the Japanese, under General Masaharu Homma, on April 9, 1942, which forced Japan to accept emaciated captives outnumbering them. Captives were forced to march, beginning the next day, about 100 kilometers north to Nueva Ecija to Camp O'Donnell, a prison camp. Prisoners of war were beaten randomly and denied food and water for several days. Those who fell behind were executed through various means: shot, beheaded or bayoneted.
Parit Sulong massacre,[9] Malaysia, 1942	[citation needed]	Lieutenant General Takuma Nishimura, was convicted for this crime by an Australian Military Court and hanged on June 11, 1951.[10]	Recently captured Australian and Indian POWs, who had been too badly wounded to escape through the jungle, were murdered by Japanese soldiers. Accounts differ on how they were killed. Two wounded Australians managed to escape the massacre and provide eyewitness accounts of the Japanese treatment of wounded prisoners of war, as did locals who witnessed the massacre. Official records indicate that 150 wounded men were killed.
Laha massacre,[11] 1942	[citation needed]	In 1946, the Laha massacre and other incidents which followed the fall of Ambon became the subject of the largest ever war crimes trial, when 93 Japanese personnel were tried by an Australian tribunal, at Ambon. Among other convictions, four men were executed as a result. An SNLF Captain, Kunito Hatakeyama, who was in direct command of the four massacres, was hanged; Rear Admiral Koichiro Hatakeyama, who was found to have ordered the killings, died before he could be tried.[12]	After the battle Battle of Ambon, more than 300 Australian, Dutch (and probably US) prisoners of war were chosen at random and summarily executed, at or near Laha airfield in four separate massacres. "The Laha massacre was the largest of the atrocities committed against captured Allied troops in 1942.".[13]
Alexandra Hospital massacre, Battle of Singapore, 1942		General Tomoyuki Yamashita who commanded the Japanese army, had the officer responsible for the massacre executed[citation needed].	At about 1pm on February 14, Japanese soldiers approached Alexandra Barracks Hospital. Although no resistance was offered, some of them shot or bayoneted staff members and patients. More staff and patients were murdered over the next two days.[14]
Sook Ching Massacre, 1942		In 1947, the British Colonial authorities in Singapore held a war crimes trial to bring the perpetrators to justice. Seven officers, were charged with carrying out the massacre. While Lieutenant General Saburo Kawamura, Lieutenant Colonel Masayuki Oishi received the death penalty, the other five received life sentences	The massacre was a systematic extermination of perceived hostile elements among the Chinese in Singapore by the Japanese military administration during the Japanese Occupation of Singapore, after the British colony surrendered in the Battle of Singapore on 15 February 1942.
Manila Massacre		Tomoyuki Yamashita	As commander of the 14th Area Army in the Philippines, Gen. Yamashita failed to stop his troops from killing over 100,000 Filipino citizens of Manila during the fighting with both native resistance forces and elements of the US Sixth Army during the capture of the city in February, 1945. Yamashita pleaded inability to act and lack of knowledge of the massacre, due to his commanding other operations int the area. The defense failed, establishing the Yamashita Standard, which holds that a commander who makes no meaningful effort to uncover and stop atrocities is as culpable as if he had ordered them.
Unit 100
Unit 731		12 members of the Kantogun were found guilty for the manufacture and use of biological weapons. Including: General Yamada Otsuzo, former Commander-in-Chief of the Kwantung Army and Major General Kawashima Kiyoshi, former Chief of Unit 731.	The Soviet Union tried some members of Unit 731 at the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials. However those who surrendered to the Americans were never brought to trial as General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, secretly granted immunity to the physicians of Unit 731 in exchange for providing America with their research on biological weapons[citation needed].
Unit 8604	[citation needed]	[citation needed]
Unit 9420	[citation needed]	[citation needed]
Unit Ei 1644[15]	[citation needed]	[citation needed]	Unit 1644 conducted tests to determine human susceptibility to a variety of harmful stimuli ranging from infectious diseases to poison gas. It was the largest germ experimentation center in China. Unit 1644 regularly carried out human vivisections as well as infecting humans with cholera, typhus, and bubonic plague.
construction of Burma-Thai Railway, the "Death Railway"	[citation needed]	[citation needed]
Comfort Women	[citation needed]	[citation needed]	It is alleged that some women were forced to work in Japanese military brothels.
Sandakan Death Marches		Three Allied POWs survived to give evidence at war crimes trials in Tokyo and Rabaul. Hokijima was found guilty and hanged on April 6, 1946[citation needed]	[citation needed]
War Crimes in Manchukuo			[citation needed]
War Crimes in the Pacific			[citation needed]
War Crimes in Asia Mainland			[citation needed]
Kaimingye germ weapon attack	[citation needed]	[citation needed]	These alleged attacks were a joint Unit 731 and Unit Ei 1644 endeavor.
Alleged Changteh Chemical Weapon Attack April and May, 1943	[citation needed]	[citation needed]	Alleged Chemical weapons supplied by Unit 516.

[edit] Romanian perpetrated crimes

Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Iasi pogrom	[citation needed]	[citation needed]
Odessa massacre	[citation needed]	[citation needed]

[edit] Allied powers (listed by country)

Main article Allied war crimes

[edit] Soviet Union perpetrated crimes

Concurrent with World War II
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Katyń massacre	Murder of Polish POWs	Lavrenty Beria, Joseph Stalin	A KGB-committed massacre of thousands of Polish officers and intelligentsia throughout the spring of 1940. Originally believed to have been committed by the Nazis in 1941 (after the invasion of eastern Poland and the USSR), it was finally admitted by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990 that it had been a Soviet operation.

World War II
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Nemmersdorf, East Prussia	Alleged pillage, and rape and murder of civilians, in contravention of Hague Conventions of 1907 "IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land"[16] Articles: 28,43,46,47,50[citation needed]	No prosecutions[citation needed]	Nemmersdorf (today Mayakovskoye in Kaliningrad) was one of the first German settlements to fall to the advancing Red Army on October 22, 1944. It was recaptured by the Germans soon afterwards and the German authorities reported that the Red Army killed civilians there. Nazi propaganda widely disseminated the description of the event with horrible details, supposedly to boost the determination of German soldiers to resist the general Soviet advance. Because the incident was investigated by the Nazis and reports were disseminated as Nazi propaganda, discerning the facts from the fiction of the incident is difficult.
occupation of East Prussia	Alleged war crimes in contravention of Hague Conventions of 1907 "IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land"[16]	[citation needed]	War crimes committed by Soviet troops in the areas of Germany occupied by the Red Army[17][18][19]
Battle of Berlin	Mass rape[20]
Evacuation of Karafuto and Kuriles	[citation needed]		This article or section does not cite its references or sources. You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.
Evacuation of Manchukuo	[citation needed]		This article or section does not cite its references or sources. You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.

[edit] United Kingdom perpetrated crimes

Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant shipping	Breach of London Naval Treaty(1930)	no prosecutions	It was the conclusion of the Nuremberg Trials of Karl Dönitz the Britain had been in breach of the Treaty "in particular of an order of the British Admiralty announced on the 8 May, 1940, according to which all vessels should be sunk at sight in the Skagerrak"[21]

[edit] United States perpetrated crimes

Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant shipping	Breach of London Naval Treaty (1930)	no prosecutions	During the post war Nuremberg Trials, in evidence presented at the trial of Karl Dönitz on his orders to the U-boat fleet to breach the London Rules, Admiral Chester Nimitz stated that unrestricted submarine warfare was carried on in the Pacific Ocean by the United States from the first day that nation entered the war.[21]
Canicatti slaughter	Murder of civilians	no prosecutions	During the Allied invasion of Sicily, at least a dozen unarmed Italian civilians, including six children, were killed by U.S. military policemen. The incident was covered up fearing that it would lead to reprisals from the civilian population. See the article for citations
Biscari massacre	Murder of POWs	Sergeant Horace T. West: court-martialed and was found guilty, stripped of rank and sentenced to life in prison, though he was later released as a private. Captain John T. Compton was court-martialed for killing 40 POWs in his charge. He claimed to be following orders. The investigating officer and the Judge Advocate declared that Compton's actions were unlawful, but he was acquitted.	Following the capture of Biscari Airfield in Sicily on July 14, 1943, seventy-six German and Italian POWs were shot by American troops of the 180th Regimental Combat Team, 45th Division during the Allied invasion of Sicily. These killings occurred in two separate incidents between July and August 1943.
Dachau massacre	Murder of POWs	[citation needed]

Post World War II
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Salina, Utah POW massacre	Murder of POWs	Private Clarence V. Bertucci determined to be insane and confined to a mental institution	Private Clarence V. Bertucci fired a machine gun from one of the guard towers into the tents that were being used to accommodate the German prisoners of war. Nine were killed and 20 were injured.
Rheinwiesenlager[22]	Deaths of POWs	no prosecutions	The Rheinwiesenlager (Rhine meadow camps) were transit camps for millions of German POWs after World War II. There were at least thousands of deaths, with a few sources estimating upwards of 1.1 million German POWs, dying mostly from starvation and exposure. Because of resistance of the victors to release needed documents the estimates of the number of German POWs that were murdered can only be estimated from a fragmentary public record. These estimates range from 8,500 to as many as 71,000.

[edit] Yugoslavian partisans perpetrated crimes

Armed conflict		perpetrator
Yugoslavia campaign		Yugoslavian partisans
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Foibe massacres	Murder of prisoners of war and civilians	[citation needed]	Following Italy's 1943 armistice with the Allied powers, Yugoslavian resistance forces executed an estimated 1,300-1,600 Italian troops and ethnic Italians living in Slovenian/Yugoslav territories adjacent to Italy.[23]
Bleiburg massacre	Murder of prisoners of war and civilians	[citation needed]	The victims were Croatian soldiers and civilians, executed without trial as an act of vengeance for the crimes committed by the Ustaše regime in Croatian-controlled territories during World War II[24]

[edit] 1968-1973: Vietnam War

Armed conflict		perpetrator
Vietnam War		United States
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
My Lai Massacre	Murder of civilians	Lt. William Calley convicted in 1971 of premeditated murder of 22 civilians for his role in the massacre and sentenced to life in prison. After serving 3½ years under house arrest he was pardoned by President Richard Nixon	In March, 1968, a US army platoon led by Lt. William Calley killed hundreds of civilians – primarily women, children, and old men – in the village of My Lai. 26 US soldiers, including 14 officers, were charged with crimes related to the My Lai massacre and its coverup. Most of the charges were eventually dropped, and only Lt. Calley was convicted.

• "Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files" - Briefly declassified (1994) and subsequently reclassified (2002?) documentary evidence compiled by a Pentagon task force detailing endemic war crimes. Substantiating 320 incidents by Army investigators, including seven massacres from 1967 through 1971 in which at least 137 civilians died (not including My Lai). Seventy-eight other attacks on noncombatants in which at least 57 were killed, 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted. One hundred forty-one instances in which U.S. soldiers tortured civilian detainees or prisoners of war.

[edit] North Vietnam

North Vietnam:

• Murder of civilians. Mistreatment of prisoners of war.
• North Vietnamese troops executed 2500 civilians while occupying the city of Hue in 1968. An additional 3500 people are suspected to have been executed, but never found. See: Massacre at Huế.
• U.S. Prisoners of war held at the so-called "Hanoi Hilton" were subject to torture and other mistreatment by their North Vietnamese captors.
• Hundreds of Thousands of South Vietnamese perished in the concentration or "re-education" camps shortly after the fall of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City)

[edit] 1971: Bangladesh War

Armed conflict		perpetrator
1971 Bangladesh War		Pakistan
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
1971 Bangladesh atrocities		Allegedly the Pakistan Government, and the Pakistan Army and its local collaborators. A case was filed in the Federal Court of Australia on September 20, 2006 for crimes of Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.[3]	During the Bangladesh War of 1971, widespread atrocities were committed against the Bengali population of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), at a level that within Bangladesh, ‘genocide’ is the term that is still used to describe the event in almost every major publication and newspaper.[25][26] Although and the word ‘genocide’ was and is still used frequently amongst observers and scholars of the events that transpired during the 1971 war, the allegations that a genocide took place during the Bangladesh War of 1971 were never investigated by an international tribunal set up under the auspices of the United Nations, so the alleged genocide is not recognised as a genocide under international law.
Civilian Casualties			The number of civilians that died in the liberation war of Bangladesh is not known in any reliable accuracy. There has been a great disparity in the casualty figures put forth by Pakistan on one hand (26,000, as reported in the Hamoodur Rahman Commission[27]) and India and Bangladesh on the other hand (From 1972 to 1975 the first post-war prime minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, mentioned that 3 million died on a dozen occasions[28]).
Atrocities on women and minorities			The minorities of Bangladesh, especially the Hindus, were specific targets of the Pakistan army.[29] Numerous East Pakistani women were tortured, raped and killed during the war. The exact numbers are not known and are a subject of debate. Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of war-babies. Some other sources, for example Susan Brownmiller, refer to an even higher number of over 400,000. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents.[30][31][32]
Killing of intellectuals			During the war, the Pakistan Army and its local collaborators carried out a systematic execution of the leading Bengali intellectuals. A number of university professors from Dhaka University were killed during the first few days of the war.[33][34] However, the most extreme cases of targeted killing of intellectuals took place during the last few days of the war. On December 14, 1971, only two days before surrendering to the Indian military and the Mukhti Bahini forces, the Pakistani army – with the assistance of the Al Badr and Al Shams – systematically executed well over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals and scholars.[35][36]

[edit] Cambodian civil war 1970-1994

Khmer Rouge killed many persons due to political affiliation, education, class origin, occupation, and ethnicity. 12

[edit] Lao civil war 1960-1975

Murder of the royal family and people associated with the former government in re-education camps.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] 1980-1988: Iran-Iraq War

Armed conflict		perpetrator
Iran-Iraq War		Iraq
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsibe	Notes
Waging a war of aggression	[citation needed]	Iraqi Government	In 1980, Iraq invaded neighboring Iran, allegedly to capture Iraqi territory held by Iran.
Use of chemical weapons	[citation needed]		Iraq made extensive use of chemical weapons, including mustard gas and nerve agents such as tabun. Iraqi chemical weapons were responsible for over 100,000 Iranian casualties (including 20,000 deaths)[citation needed].
Attacks against parties not involved in the war	[citation needed]		Iraq attacked oil tankers from neutral nations in an attempt to disrupt enemy trade
Halabja poison gas attack	Dutch court has ruled that the incident involved War Crimes and Genocide.	To date no prosecutions of Iraqi nationals. Frans van Anraat war crime.	Iraq also used chemical weapons against their own Kurdish population causing casualties estimated between several hundred up to 5,000 deaths[citation needed]. On December 23, 2005 a Dutch court ruled in a case brought against Frans van Anraat for supplying chemicals to Iraq, that "[it] thinks and considers legally and convincingly proven that the Kurdish population meets the requirement under the genocide conventions as an ethnic group. The court has no other conclusion that these attacks were committed with the intent to destroy the Kurdish population of Iraq." and because he supplied the chemicals before 16 March 1988, the date of the Halabja attack, he is guilty of a war crime but not guilty of complicity in genocide.[37][38]

Armed conflict		perpetrator
Iran-Iraq War		Iran
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsibe	Notes
Attacks against parties not involved in the war	[citation needed]		Iran attacked oil tankers from neutral nations in an attempt to disrupt enemy trade.
Laid mines in international waters	[citation needed]		Mines damaged the US frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts

[edit] Circa 1985-: Lord's Resistance Army v. Ugandan Government (kidnap, rape, and forced murder involving children)

• 20 years warfare
• The Times reports (Nov 26 2005 p.27):

Almost 20 years of fighting... has killed half a million people. Many of the dead are children... The LRA [a cannibalism cult]^[39] kidnaps children and forces them to join its ranks. And so, incredibly, children are not only the main victims of this war, but also its unwilling perpetrators... The girls told me they had been given to rebel commanders as "wives" and forced to bear them children. The boys said they had been forced to walk for days knowing they would be killed if they showed any weakness, and in some cases forced even to murder their family members... every night up to 10,000 children walk into the centre of Kitgum... because they are not safe in their own beds... more than 25,000 children have been kidnapped ...this year an average of 20 children have been abducted every week.

• The International Criminal Court has launched an investigation and has issued indictments against LRA leaders.

[edit] Bosnian War 1992-1995

Armed conflict		perpetrator
Bosnian War		Army of Republika Srpska, Paramilitary units from Serbia, local serb police and civilians.
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Srebrenica Massacre	Murder of 8,200 Bosniak men and boys	Army of Republika Srpska	Following the fall of the eastern Bosnian enclave of Srebrenica the men were separated from the women and executed over a period of several days in July 1995. see the article Srebrenica massacre
Markale massacres	Murder of civilians	Army of Republika Srpska	The victims were civilians who were shopping in an open air market in Sarajevo when Serb forces shelled the market. Two separate incidents. Feb 1994; 68 killed and 144 wounded and August 1995; 37 killed and 90 wounded. See the article Markale massacres
Tuzla massacre	Murder of 72 and wounding of more than 200 civilians	Army of Republika Srpska	On May 25, 1995 the Serb army shelled the city of Tuzla and killed 72 people with a single shell. see the article Tuzla massacre
Armed conflict		perpetrator
Bosnian War		Croatian Defence Council.
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	-
Ahmici	Murder of 116 civilians in the village of Ahmici	Croatian Defence Council	On April 16, 1993 the Croatian Defence Council attacked the village of Ahmici and killed 116 Bosniaks. see the article Ahmici
Stupni Do	Murder of civilians in the village of Stupni Do	Croatian Defence Council	On October 23, 1993 the Croatian Defence Council attacked the village of Stupni do and killed 37 Bosniaks. see the article Stupni Do

[edit] 1990-2000: Liberia / Sierra Leone

From The Times March 28 2006 p.43:

"Charles Taylor, the former Liberian President who is one of Africas most wanted men, has gone into hiding in Nigeria to avoid extradition to a UN war crimes trimbunal... The UN war crimes tribunal in Sierra Leone holds Mr Taylor responsible for about 250,000 deaths. Throughout the 1990s, his armies and supporters, made up of child soldiers orphaned by the conflict wreaked havoc through a swath of West Africa. In Sierra Leone he supported the revolutionary United Front whose rebel fighters were notorious for hacking off the limbs of civilians.

• Current action - Indicted on 17 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity by the UN, which has issued an international warrant for his arrest. As of April 2006 located, extradited, and facing trial.

[edit] 1990: Invasion of Kuwait

Armed conflict		perpetrator
1990:Invasion of Kuwait		Iraq
Incident	type of crime	Persons responsible	Notes
Invasion of Kuwait	"breach of international peace and security" (UN Security Council Resolution 660)	Iraqi Government
Looting, raping and killing of civilians in Kuwait	[citation needed]		country devastated, resources wantonly destroyed

[edit] 1991: U.S.-led Gulf War

US-led allied forces deliberately destroyed Iraq's water supply during the Gulf War in 1991 and took measures to make sure they were not rebuilt, in violation of the Geneva Convention and causing thousands of civilian deaths. (Sunday Herald (Scotland) September 17, 2000, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/091700-01.htm; http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/declassdocs/dia/19950901/950901_511rept_91.html) No U.S. officials have been prosecuted or reprimanded.

[edit] 1998-2006: Second Congo War

See also: Cases before the International Criminal Court#Democratic Republic of Congo

• Civil war 1998-2002, est. 4 million deaths; war "sucked in" Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia, as well as 17,000 United Nations peacekeepers, its "largest and most costly" peace mission and "the bloodiest conflict since the end of the Second World War."
• Fighting involves Mai-Mai militia and Congolese government soldiers. The Government originally armed the Mai-Mai as civil defence against external invaders, who then turned to banditry.
• 100,000 refugees living in remote disease ridden areas to avoid both sides
• Estimated 1000 deaths a day according to Oxfam:

"The army attacks the local population as it passes through, often raping and pillaging like the militias. Those who resist are branded Mai-mai supporters and face detention or death. The Mai-mai accuse the villagers of collaborating with the army, they return to the villages at night and extract revenge. Sometimes they march the villagers into the bush to work as human mules."

(Source: The Times World News, April 3 2006, p.29)

[edit] See also

• Cases before the International Criminal Court
• Command responsibility
• Crime against peace
• Crime against humanity
• Genocide
• Laws of war
• List of war criminals
• Mass murder
• War Crime

[edit] Footnotes

1. ^ This list is a work in progress and is not complete
2. ^ Jugement: The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity
3. ^ ^{a b c d} 1915 Affirmation of the United States Record on the Armenian Genocide Resolution (Introduced in House of Representatives) 109th Congress, 1st Session, H.RES.316, June 14, 2005. 15 September 2005 House Committee/Subcommittee:International Relations actions. Status: Ordered to be Reported by the Yeas and Nays: 40 - 7.
4. ^ References in the article
5. ^ References in the article
6. ^ Banka Island Massacre (1942)
7. ^ References in the article
8. ^ References in the article
9. ^ References in the article
10. ^ http://www.thisisfolkestone.co.uk/ms/info/massacresinthepacific.htm
11. ^ References in the article
12. ^ Fall of Ambon Massacred at Laha
13. ^ Dr Peter Stanley The defence of the 'Malay barrier': Rabaul and Ambon, January 1942 principal historian to Australian War Memorial
14. ^ Alexandra Massacre. Retrieved on December 7, 2005.
15. ^ References in the article
16. ^ ^{a b} IV - The Laws and Customs of War on Land in the Avalon Project at Yale Law School
17. ^ Excerpt, Chapter one The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945-2002 - William I. Hitchcock - 2003 - ISBN 0-385-49798-9 (No pages cited)
18. ^ A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans, 1944-1950 - Alfred-Maurice de Zayas - 1994 - ISBN 0-312-12159-8 (No pages cited)
19. ^ Barefoot in the Rubble - Elizabeth B. Walter - 1997 - ISBN 0-9657793-0-0 (No pages cited)
20. ^ Antony Beevor They raped every German female from eight to 80 in The Guardian May 1, 2002
21. ^ ^{a b} Judgement : Doenitz the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School
22. ^ U.S. (and French) abuse of German PoWs, 1945-1948
23. ^ see the article Foibe massacres, (lots of references but no citations)
24. ^ Words from the article Bleiburg massacre, (lots of references no citations)
25. ^ Editorial The Jamaat Talks Backin The Bangladesh Observer December 30, 2005
26. ^ Dr. N. Rabbee Remembering a Martyr Star weekend Magazine, The [[Daily Star (Bangladesh)|]] December 16, 2005
27. ^ Hamoodur Rahman Commission, Chapter 2, Paragraph 33
28. ^ F. Hossain Genocide 1971 Correspondence with the Guinness Book of Records on the number of dead
29. ^ U.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere, March 31, 1971, Confidential, 3 pp
30. ^ Debasish Roy Chowdhury 'Indians are bastards anyway' in Asia Times June 23, 2005 "In Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller likens it to the Japanese rapes in Nanjing and German rapes in Russia during World War II. "... 200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped.""
31. ^ Brownmiller, Susan, "Against Our Will : Men, Women, and Rape" ISBN 0-449-90820-8, page 81
32. ^ Hamoodur Rahman Commission, Chapter 2, Paragraphs 32,34
33. ^ Blood, Archer, Transcript of Selective Genocide Telex, Department of State, United States
34. ^ Ajoy Roy, "Homage to my martyr colleagues", 2002
35. ^ Shahiduzzaman No count of the nation’s intellectual loss The New Age, December 15, 2005
36. ^ Killing of Intellectuals Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
37. ^ Dutch court says gassing of Iraqi Kurds was 'genocide' by Anne Penketh and Robert Verkaik in The Independent December 24, 2005
38. ^ Dutch man sentenced for role in gassing death of Kurds CBC December 23, 2005
39. ^ The LRA is described by sources such as The Times as a "cannibalistic cult that has slaughtered whole villages and left its victims without hands, feet or faces".[1]

[edit] External links

• Genocide of Tamils in Sri Lanka
• 1944-1945 Killing of Allied POws in Europe

International criminal law
Sources of law:
Charter of the IMT - Crime against international law - Crime against humanity - Crime against peace Crime of apartheid - Crime of genocide - Customary law - Laws of war - Nuremberg Principles Peremptory norm - Rome Statute - Universal jurisdiction - War crime - War of aggression
Courts:
War responsibility trials in Finland - International Military Tribunal for Europe International Military Tribunal for the Far East - Khabarovsk War Crime Trials Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia - Tribunal for Rwanda - Court for Sierra Leone International Criminal Court
History:
List of war crimes This box: view • talk • edit