Reformed Churches in the Netherlands
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The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Dutch: Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland, in short Gereformeerde kerk) was the second largest Protestant church in the Netherlands until it merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004.
[edit] History
The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands was founded in 1892 in a fusion of two groups, who had split of from the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk):
- a part of the Christian Reformed Church in the Netherlands (Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerk in Nederland, CGKN), which originated in the Afscheiding ("Separation") of 1834, and
- the group around Abraham Kuyper, which was formed in the Doleantie of 1886.
The other part of the CGKN that stayed out of this union remains independent; it was renamed to "Christian Reformed Churches" in 1947.
Abraham Kuyper was the most important leader of the movement, and under his leadership the gereformeerden became a separate so-called "pillar" in Dutch society, next to the hervormden and the Roman Catholics. Part of the gereformeerde pillar were for example the Vrije Universiteit and the Anti-Revolutionaire Partij, a political party now part of the Christian Democratic Appeal.
Since its founding in 1892, two groups have separated from the GKN. The first split was in 1926, over a conflict about the literal interpretation of the Bible. The orthodox majority of the church concluded from the story of Adam and Eve that the serpent had been given the (empirical) power of speech. The members of the more liberal wing of the church viewed the story as an allegory. After the Synod of Assen concluded that the story in Genesis 3 was a report on a factual and observable reality, the Gereformeerde Kerken in Hersteld Verband ("Reformed Churches in Restored Union") were formed by the dissenters. The conclusion of the Synod of 1926 was retracted in 1971/1972 by the GKN.
The second schism, called the Vrijmaking ("Liberation", that is: from synodal authority), occurred in 1944, when the Reformed Churches (Liberated) (Gereformeerde Kerken vrijgemaakt) split off from the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands.
In 1962, the long process of reuniting with the Dutch Reformed Church was started. This ended on May 1, 2004, when the GKN, the NHK and the Evangelical-Lutheran Church fused into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands. At that moment, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands had around 675,000 members, of which 400,000 were church-going. There were 857 congregations, with some 1000 church buildings.
Seven congregations did not agree with the merge and founded the 'Continued Reformed Churches in the Netherlands' (voortgezette Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland) on May 8, 2004.
[edit] Theology
Until World War II, the Gereformeerde Kerk was characterized by a classical neo-calvinist belief. The church thought of itself as the most true church of Christ. The main influence on the theological views was from Abraham Kuyper and Herman Bavinck. After World War II, the character of the church changed. After 1962, the church became an open church, with space and freedom for various beliefs. Modern theologians in the gereformeerde church are Gerrit Cornelis Berkouwer (1903-1996) en Harry M. Kuitert (born 1924).
