マーサ・グレアム
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
マーサ・グレアム（Martha Graham, 1894年5月11日 - 1991年4月1日）は、アメリカ合衆国の舞踏家、振付師であり、モダンダンスの開拓者の一人である。マーサ・グラハムと表記されることも多い。
Allegheny, Pennsylvaniaに生まれ、14歳の時Californiaに移動した。1910年代のRuth St. Denisの performを見たのち、ダンスに興味を持った。 22(1916年)歳になって初めて、 did she pursue hesionally by enrolling at Denishawn. 1925年に、New YorkのRochesterのEastman School of Music and Theaterのダンス教師になった。She later set out on her own with the support of Louis Horst, an accompanist whom she had got to know while training at Denishawn and who grew to be her musical mentor and lover. 1926年に自身のカンパニーMartha Graham Dance Companyをfoundした。 Her unique movement style -- widely recognised for its principle of contraction and release -- and imagery は、当時のモダン・アートを反映している。
1930年代に, Graham taught at Bennington College and New York University where Martha Hill directed the dance departments. 1951年に, Graham was a founding member of the dance division of the Juilliard School, also directed by Martha Hill.
1936年に, Graham made her defining work, "Chronicle", which signalled the beginning of a new era in contemporary dance. The dance brought serious issues to the stage for the general public in a dramatic manner. the Wall Street Crash, the Great Depression およびthe Spanish Civil Warの影響を受けて、it focused on depression and isolation, reflected in the dark nature of both the set and costumes.
Graham's dancing life gradually came to a rest starting in the 1950s. 1927年に、Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Danceが創立された。 One of her students was heiress Bethsabée de Rothschild with whom she became close friends. When Rothschild moved to Israel and established the Batsheva Dance Company in 1965, Graham became the company's first director, groomed its first generation of dancers, and made works for it.
1948年に、Erick Hawkins(a principal dancer in her company)と結婚した。結婚したくはなかったが、8年間共に暮らしたのち、そうする決心をした。
Her largest-scale work, the evening-length Clytemnestra, was created in 1958 and features a score by the Egyptian-born composer Halim El-Dabh.
Her final dance performances came in the late 1960s, and from then on she focused on choreography. Some critics say that even though there is little physical record of her dancing, it is more memorable than her choreography. Graham continued working until her death from pneumonia in 1991 at the age of 96.
She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1976 by President Gerald Ford (the First Lady Betty Ford had danced with Graham in her youth).
1998年, TIME誌は、彼女を"Dancer of the Century"として、またone of the most important people of the 20th centuryとしてリストした。
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[編集] 引用
"There is a vitality, a life force, a quickening that is translated through you into action, and because there is only one of you in all time, this expression is unique. If you block it, it will never exist through any other medium and be lost. The world will never have it. It is not your business to determine how good it is, nor how valuable it is, nor how it compares with other expressions. It is your business to keep it yours, clearly and directly, to keep the channel open. You do not even have to believe in yourself or your work. You have to keep open and aware directly to the urges that motivate you. Keep the channel open. No artist is pleased. There is no satisfaction whatever at any time. There is only a queer, divine dissatisfaction, a blessed unrest that keeps us marching and makes us more alive than others."
[編集] 参照項目
- Isamu Noguchi
- American Dance Festival
- Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance
- Agnes de Mille
- Modern dance
- Postmodern dance
- 20th century concert dance
- List of dance companies
[編集] 外部リンク
- Time Magazine: 100 Most Important People of the Century
- PBS:American Masters biography
- Kennedy Centery biography
- Martha Graham - Internet Movie Database
- MarthaGrahamDance.org - Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance
[編集] 参考文献
- Graham, Martha (1991).Blood Memory: An autobiography. NYC: Doubleday. ISBN 0-38-526503-4.（邦訳 マーサ・グレアム著 筒井宏一訳『血の記憶――マーサ・グレアム自伝』新書館 1992 ISBN 4403230237）
- Freedman, Russell (1998).Martha Graham: A Dancer's Life. NYC: Clarion Books. ISBN 0-39-574655-8.
- Horosko, Marian (2002).Martha Graham: The Evolution of Her Dance Theory and Training. Gainesville, FL: Univ. Press of Florida. ISBN 0-81-302473-0.
- Morgan, Barbara (1980).Martha Graham: Sixteen Dances in Photographs. Morgan & Morgan. ISBN 0-87-100176-4.
- Tracy, Robert (1997).Goddess - Martha Graham's Dancers Remember. Pompton Plains, NJ: Limelight Editions. ISBN 0-87-910086-9.
- Bird, Dorothy; Greenberg, Joyce (2002 reprint).Bird's Eye View: Dancing With Martha Graham and on Broadway. Pittsburgh, PA: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-82-295791-4.
- Taylor, Paul (1987).Private Domain: An Autobiography. NYC: Knopf. ISBN 0-39-451683-4.
- Soares, Janet Mansfield (1992).Louis Horst: Musician in a Dancer's World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-82-231226-3.
- Hawkins, Erick (1992).The Body Is a Clear Place and Other Statements on Dance. Hightstown, NJ: Princeton Book Co. ISBN 0-87-127166-4.
