Auditing (Scientology)
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Auditing is a spiritual counseling procedure that was originated by author L. Ron Hubbard as the central practice of Dianetics and further refined by him as he developed Scientology.
Auditing, from the Latin audire meaning "to listen", is a central practice of both Dianetics and Scientology. It most often takes place in one-on-one settings, with one of the people being an "auditor" who guides the session, but it can also take place in group settings, or it can be performed alone, with a person acting as his own auditor. Auditing frequently uses a device called an E-meter, which measures the electrical resistance of the human body and which followers of Hubbard claim actually "measures the spiritual state or change of state of a person".[1] The E-meter is believed to aid the auditor in identifying "engrams".
The memories and emotions discussed in auditing sessions are recorded in the form of handwritten notes in "preclear folders." The Church of Scientology claims that these files are held private and strictly confidential. However, this has been a topic of controversy, as at least one organizational directive has specifically authorized the use of the data in preclear folders for "internal security" purposes, and many former Scientologists have testified that this private information was used by the Church to harass or intimidate them, or that they themselves had used it in this fashion at the direction of the Church.
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[edit] Engrams
A person who has confronted such moments in such a way so as to always be at cause to all memories is said to have reached the state of Clear. Until a person has become at cause over all such memories, the person is said to be a "preclear".
The auditor conducts the session and helps the preclear by applying Dianetics and/or Scientology procedures. Auditing has been compared to the Roman Catholic Confessional because it involves an adherent and a trained listener, and because its purpose is to free an adherent of past travails.[citation needed]
Engrams are memories of past events. Whenever they occurred, they are audited similarly. In such Scientology publications as Have You Lived Before This Life, Hubbard wrote about past life experiences dating back billions and even trillions of years. Scientology teaches that individuals are immortal souls or spirits (called Thetans by Scientology) and are not limited to a single lifetime. While Dianetics procedures were intended to audit travails of a preclear's present lifetime, Scientology procedures were developed to audit any travail.
[edit] The E-meter
Most auditing sessions employ a device called the Hubbard Electropsychometer or E-Meter. This device measures changes in the electrical resistance of the preclear by passing approximately 0.5 volts through a pair of tin-plated tubes much like empty soup cans, attached to the meter by wires and held by the preclear during auditing. These low-potential changes in electrical resistance, are believed by Scientologists to be a reliable and a precise indication of changes of mental tension in the preclear.
[edit] Controversy
[edit] Preclear folders
The Scientology/Dianetics auditing process has raised concerns from a number of quarters, as auditing sessions are permanently recorded in the form of handwritten notes in preclear folders. Although they are represented to practitioners as being private, at least one organizational directive has authorized the use of these folders for internal security purposes.
Some critics have noted that Scientology's collecting of intensely personal and private information through auditing leaves an adherent vulnerable to potential blackmail should they ever consider leaving the Church. Judge Paul Breckenridge, in Church of Scientology of California vs. Gerald Armstrong, noted that Mary Sue Hubbard (plaintiff in that case) "authored the infamous order 'GO 121669' which directed culling of supposedly confidential P.C. [Preclear] files/folders for the purposes of internal security ... for purposes of intimidation and/or harassment".[2] Critics and former members assert that preclear folders have indeed been used for such intimidation and harassment.[3][4][5][6]
[edit] Security Checks
- Main article: List of Scientology Security Checks
Similarly, the confessional nature of "Security Checks", which consist of a long battery of extremely personal (and often highly graphic) questions posed to the subject while attached to the E-meter, can leave a person open to potential blackmail. The questions range from lurid ("Have you ever practiced sex with children?") to horrific ("Have you ever killed or crippled animals for pleasure?") to Space opera ("Have you ever caused a planet to disappear?").
[edit] Hypnosis
The Anderson Report, an official inquiry conducted for the state of Victoria, Australia, found that auditing involved a form of "authoritative" or "command" hypnosis, in which the hypnotist assumes "positive authoritative control" over the patient. "It is the firm conclusion of this Board that most scientology and dianetic techniques are those of authoritative hypnosis and as such are dangerous. ... the scientific evidence which the Board heard from several expert witnesses of the highest repute ... which was virtually unchallenged - leads to the inescapable conclusion that it is only in name that there is any difference between authoritative hypnosis and most of the techniques of scientology. Many scientology techniques are in fact hypnotic techniques, and Hubbard has not changed their nature by changing their names." [7]
[edit] Medical claims
Scientologists have claimed benefits from auditing including improved IQ, improved ability to communicate, enhanced memory and alleviation of dyslexia and attention deficit disorder; however, no scientific studies have verified these claims. Indeed, an Australian report stated that auditing involved a kind of command hypnosis that could lead to potentially damaging delusional dissociative states. Licensed psychotherapists have alleged that the Church's auditing sessions amount to mental health treatment without a license, but the Church vehemently disputes these allegations, and claims to have established in courts of law that its practice claims only to lead to spiritual relief. So, according to the Church, the psychotherapist treats mental health and the Church treats the spiritual being.
A 1971 ruling of the United States District Court, District of Columbia (333 F. Supp. 357), specifically stated, "the E-meter has no proven usefulness in the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of any disease, nor is it medically or scientifically capable of improving any bodily function." [1] As a result of this ruling, Scientology now publishes disclaimers in its books and publications declaring that the E-meter "by itself does nothing" [8] and that it is used specifically for spiritual purposes.
[edit] Notes
- ^ The Scientology E-meter. Church of Scientology International. Retrieved on 2006-04-25.
- ^ Memorandum of Intended Decision in Church of Scientology of California vs. Gerald Armstrong (PDF format)
- ^ Atack, Jon (1990). “Chapter Four - The Clearwater Hearings”, A Piece of Blue Sky. Lyle Stuart, 448. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X.
- ^ Steven Girardi (9 May 1982). "Witnesses Tell of Break-ins, Conspiracy". Clearwater Sun: p. 1A.
- ^ Prince, Jesse (1999). Affidavit of Jesse Prince. Estate of Lisa McPherson v. Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization, Inc., case no. 97-01235. Retrieved on 2006-06-13.
- ^ Barnes, John (October 28, 1984). "Sinking the Master Mariner". Sunday Times Magazine. Retrieved on 2006-07-18.
- ^ Report of the Board of Enquiry into Scientology (PDF format) by Kevin Victor Anderson, Q.C. Published 1965 by the State of Victoria, Australia.
- ^ What is the E-Meter and how does it work? The President of the Church of Scientology Answers Your Questions. Church of Scientology International. Retrieved on 2006-05-19.
[edit] External links
[edit] Church sites
- Auditing.org: What is Scientology Auditing?
- New Era Dianetics “Auditing (NED®)”
- Official E-Meter Site
