Baltic Germans
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The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, Deutschbalten, sometimes Baltendeutsche), were ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, which today forms the countries of Estonia and Latvia.
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[edit] Territories
In Baltic German settlement patterns, the Baltic area consisted of the following territories:
- Estland (Latin: Estonia), roughly the northern half of present-day Estonia; major towns: Reval (Tallinn), Narwa (Narva).
- Livland (Latin: Livonia), roughly the southern half of present-day Estonia and the northern half of today's Latvia; major towns: Riga, Dorpat (Tartu).
- Kurland (Latin: Couronia, also English: Courland), roughly the southern half of present-day Latvia; major towns: Mitau (Jelgava), Windau (Ventspils), Libau (Liepāja).
- the island of Ösel (Saaremaa) present-day Estonia; major town: Arensburg (Kuressaare).
Occasionally, ethnic Germans from East Prussia are considered Baltic German for reasons of cultural, linguistic, and historical affinities. In contrast, the Old Prussians spoke a Baltic, not Germanic, language.
[edit] History
[edit] Middle ages
Ethnic Germans began to settle in the Baltic region in the 12th century when traders and missionaries began to visit the coastal lands inhabited by tribes who spoke Finnic and Baltic languages. Systematic settlement as the dominating class by the first "Baltic Germans" dates from 1199, when Albert von Buxhoeveden from Bremen became the first Bishop of Livonia. Two years later, he founded Riga and the crusading Order of the Sword Brothers (Livonian Order) to protect the mission against the local heathens. The knights quickly began to administer the territory instead of turning the land over to the bishop. At the same time, German-speaking merchants and craftsmen constituted the majority of the quickly growing urban population in the area. The Sword Brothers became part of the Teutonic Order in 1236. For 200 years, the knights on the shores of the eastern Baltic had support from the Holy Roman Empire.
As the Teutonic Knights were weakened during the 15th century through wars with Poland and Lithuania, the Livonian branch in the north began to pursue its own policies. When the Prussian branch of the Order secularized in 1525 and became the Duchy of Prussia, the Livonian Order remained independent, although surrounded by aggressive neighbors. In 1558, Russia's invasion of Livonia began the Livonian War between Russia, Poland, Sweden, and Denmark which lasted for 20 years. In the course of the war, the state was divided between Denmark (which took Ösel), Sweden (which took Estland), Poland (which took Livland), and the Protestant state of Courland, a fief of Poland.
[edit] Reformation
The Baltic provinces, like many other German-led states, became Protestant during the Reformation, and the secularized land was split up among the remaining aristocratic knights.
Kurland existed as a country dominated by German-speakers for over 200 years, while Livland was once again split. Sweden controlled Estland between 1561 and 1710 and Livland between 1621 and 1710, having signed an agreement not to undermine Baltic German autonomy. The German-language Universität Dorpat (University of Tartu), the foundation of which was supported by King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden (himself a native German-speaker), remained the only one in the Baltic region for centuries and became the intellectual focus of the Baltic Germans, both nobles and intellectuals.
[edit] Russian control
Between 1710 and 1795, following Russia's success in the Great Northern War and the Partitions of Poland, the areas inhabited by Baltic Germans became provinces of Imperial Russia.
However, the Baltic provinces remained dominated and self-governed by the local German-speaking aristocracy. This Ritterschaft was based on the former knights but also included immigrants from the German principalities to the west. Most of the professional classes in the region, the literati, were German-speakers. Government, however, was in the hands of the Ritterschaft of each province, in which only members of the matriculated nobility held membership. Autonomy was guaranteed by the various rulers, especially during Russian times. Germans, other than the estate-owners, mainly settled in the cities, such as Riga, Reval (Tallinn), Dorpat (Tartu), and Pernau (Pärnu); as late as the mid-19th century the population of many of these municipalities still had a German majority with an Estonian or Latvian minority.
The region's indigenous rural population enjoyed fewer rights under the Baltic German nobility compared to the farmers in Germany, Sweden, or Poland. Serfdom was officially abolished in the Baltic provinces in the beginning of 19th century, about half a century before in Russia proper. There was less tension between the German-speakers and indigenous urban residents.
German cultural autonomy ceased in the 1880s, when Russification replaced German administration and schooling with the usage of the Russian language. The Revolution of 1905 led to attacks against the Baltic German landowners, the burning of manors, and the killing and torture of members of the nobility, if usually not by the local inhabitants but by outside revolutionary bands. Owing to their German heritage, during World War I Baltic Germans were sometimes seen as the enemy by Russians, yet also as traitors by the German Empire if they remained loyal to Russia. As a result of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Russian Civil War, many Baltic Germans fled to Weimar Germany.
[edit] Post World War I
When the Republics of Estonia and Latvia were founded in 1918-19, the Baltic German estate owners were largely expropriated in a land reform, although the Germans were given considerable cultural autonomy.
Estonia's Baltic German population was smaller, so as Estonians continued to fill professional positions such as law and medicine, there was less of a leadership role for the Baltic Germans. Many Baltic Germans began to leave during the interwar era. No precise numbers are available for the emigration during this period.
In Latvia, Baltic Germans were the most politically active and organized ethnic group, although they lost some influence after Karlis Ulmanis' coup in 1934. As a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (1939), Estonia and Latvia were "restored" to Russian control; the remaining Baltic Germans were evacuated and resettled into the Warthegau and other areas that were parts of occupied Poland.
Some 21,400 Baltic Germans were resettled from Estonia to Germany in late 1939. Close to 50,000 were resettled from Latvia by late 1939.
The Soviet advance into Poland and East Prussia in 1945 resulted in their having to trek to the West. Many Baltic Germans were onboard the KdF Ship Wilhelm Gustloff when it was sunk by a Soviet submarine on January 30, 1945 in the worst loss of life from a single vessel in maritime history. Additional Baltic Germans died during the sinking of the SS General von Steuben on February 10, 1945.
After Estonia had regained independence from the Soviet Union on August 20, 1991, the exiled association of the German Baltic nobility sent an official message to the president-to-be Lennart Meri that no member of the association would claim proprietary rights to their former Estonian lands. This, and the fact that the first German ambassadors to Estonia and Latvia were both Baltic Germans, helped to further reconcile the Baltic Germans with Estonians and Latvians.
[edit] Notable Baltic Germans
Baltic Germans played leading roles in the society of what are now Estonia and Latvia throughout much of these countries' history, with many of them becoming noted scientists or explorers. A number of Baltic Germans served as ranking generals in the Russian Imperial army. Several Baltic Germans sided with the Whites during the Russian Civil War, and with the Third Reich during World War II.
- Karl Ernst von Baer, biologist
- Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly, field marshal and Minister of War (Russia)
- Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, admiral and naval explorer (Russia)
- Alexander von Benckendorff, general and statesman (Russia)
- Konstantin von Benckendorff, general and diplomat (Russia)
- August Johann Gottfried Bielenstein, linguist, folklorist, ethnographer, and theologian
- Johann Christoph Brotze, pedagogue and ethnographer
- Georg Dehio, art historian
- Kacper Denhoff Kaspar Dönhoff, Imperial Reichsfürst and Polish Diplomat
- Heinz Erhardt, comedian, musician, entertainer and actor
- Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, botanist and naturalist
- Gregor von Helmersen, geologist
- Immanuel Kant, philosopher
- Alexander Keyserling, geologist, paleontologist
- Lionel Kieseritzky, chess master
- Otto von Kotzebue, naval officer and explorer (Russia)
- Adam Johann von Krusenstern, admiral and naval explorer (Russia)
- Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon, field marshal and commander-in-chief of the armed forces (Austria)
- Heinrich Lenz, physicist
- Eugene Miller, general and counterrevolutionary (Russia)
- Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, politician, son of a Russian and a Baltic German noblewoman
- Vladimir Nabokov, writer, his son
- Karl Nesselrode, diplomat and European statesman
- Alexander von Oettingen, theologian
- Wilhelm Ostwald, chemist
- Johann Patkul, nobleman of Livonia
- Alexander Pilar von Pilchau, painter
- Wolter von Plettenberg, Master of the Livonian Order
- Georg Wilhelm Richmann, physicist
- Alfred Rosenberg, Nazi party "philosopher" and defendant at the Nuremberg Trials
- Thomas Johann Seebeck, physicist
- Jakob von Uexküll, biologist, semiotician
- Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, commander of White Russian forces, warlord
- Edgar von Wahl, creator of Interlingue
- Peter P. von Weymarn, chemist in colloid science (von Weimarn law)
- Gero von Wilpert, writer
- Ferdinand von Wrangel, admiral and naval explorer (Russia)
- Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel (German: Peter von Wrangel), Lieutenant General, one of the leaders in White movement in Southern Russia.
[edit] See also
- Estonia
- Northern Crusades
- Teutonic Knights
- Latvia
- Courland
- Livonia
- Livonian Confederation
- Latvian Literary Society
- History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union
[edit] External links
- A Baltic German site.
- The association of German Baltic Nobility (rulers of Estland, Livland and Kurland between 1252 and 1918) - also see English language version
