Blowoff valve
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The term "blowoff valve" is commonly used in the discussion of turbocharged vehicles.
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[edit] Definitions
A compressor bypass valve (CBV) also known as a compressor relief valve is a vacuum-actuated valve designed to release pressure in the intake system of a turbocharged or centrifugally supercharged car when the throttle is lifted or closed. This air pressure is re-circulated back into the non-pressurized end of the intake (before the turbo) but after the mass airflow sensor.
A blowoff valve, (BOV, sometimes hooter valve, dump valve) does basically the same thing, but releases the air to the atmosphere. This creates a very distinctive sound desired by many who own turbocharged sports cars. Some blowoff valves are marketed with trumpet shaped exits that amplify the "tututu" sound. For some owners this is the only reason to fit a BOV.
[edit] Downsides of releasing air to atmosphere
This unique sound sometimes comes at a price. On a car with a mass airflow sensor, doing this confuses the engine control unit (ECU) of the car. The ECU is told it has a specific amount of air in the intake system, and injects fuel accordingly. The amount of air released by the blowoff valve is not taken into consideration and the engine runs rich for a period of time.*
Typically this isn't a major issue, but sometimes it can lead to hesitation or stalling of the engine when the throttle is closed. This situation worsens with higher boost pressures. Eventually this can foul spark plugs and destroy the catalytic converter (when running rich, not all the fuel is burned which can heat up on and melt the converter).
- Note that engines using a MAP (manifold absolute pressure) system are not affected.
[edit] Purpose of Relief and Blow Off Valves
Blowoff valves are used to prevent compressor surge. Compressor surge is a phenomenon that occurs when lifting off the throttle of a turbocharged car (with a non-existent or faulty bypass valve). When the throttle plate on a turbocharged engine running boost closes, high pressure in the intake system has nowhere to go. It is forced to travel back to the turbocharger in the form of a pressure wave. This results in the wheel rapidly decreasing speed and stalling. The driver will notice a fluttering air sound. In extreme cases the compressor wheel will stop completely or even go backwards. Compressor surge is very hard on the bearings in the turbocharger and can significantly decrease its lifespan. In addition, the now slower moving compressor wheel takes longer to spool (speed up) when throttle is applied. This is known as turbo lag.
With the implementation of either a bypass valve or a blowoff valve the pressurized air escapes, allowing the turbo to continue spinning. This allows the turbocharger to have less turbo lag when power is demanded next.
[edit] How it works
A blow-off-valve is connected by a vacuum hose to the intake manifold after the throttle plate. When the throttle is closed, underpressure develops in the intake manifold after the throttle plate and "sucks" the blowoff valve open. The excess pressure from the turbocharger is vented into the atmosphere or recirculated into the intake upstream of the compressor inlet.
[edit] Tuning adjustable valves
Most aftermarket valves are adjustable leaving customers curious on how to set them properly for their vehicle. Typically the adjustment lies in the spring preload. Here is how to set it.
You want the spring as soft as possible without leaking boost at peak pressure. If the spring is set too soft then the valve will not close fully resulting in a boost leak and idle problems. If you set it too hard then the valve will not fully open, close too early, and have compressor surge.
Trial and error with an accurate boost gauge is the perfect way to find the right setting for your vehicle....
[edit] References
http://features.evolutionm.net/article/machvcorner/29
Allard, Alan. Turbocharging and Supercharging. Cambridge, England: Patrick Stevens Limited, 1982.
Gorla, Rama, and Khan, Aijaz. Turbomachinery Design and Theory. New York, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003.
Society of Automotive Engineers. Turbochargers and Turbocharged Engines. Warrendale, PA, 1979.
Watson, N, and Janota, N. Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine. London, England: Macmillian Press Ltd, 1982.
