Dassault Mirage IV
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Dassault Mirage IV | |
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| A French Air Force Mirage IVP on display. | |
| Type | Supersonic strategic bomber |
| Manufacturer | Dassault Aviation |
| Maiden flight | 1959-06-17 |
| Introduced | 1964-10-01 |
| Retired | 2005 (bomber variants) |
| Status | Reconnaissance variants still operational |
| Primary user | Force de frappe |
| Produced | 1963-1968 |
| Number built | 62 |
The Dassault Mirage IV is a French jet-propelled supersonic strategic bomber and reconnaissance aircraft. For many years it was the linchpin of the Force de frappe, France's nuclear deterrent program.
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[edit] History
Work on a supersonic bomber able to carry a nuclear bomb started in France in 1956 as part of the development of France's independent nuclear deterrent. The final specifications, jointly defined by government authorities and Dassault staff, were approved on 20 March 1957. Dassault's resulting prototype, dubbed Mirage IV 01, looked a lot like the Mirage IIIA, even though it had double the wing surface, two engines instead of one, and twice the unladen weight. The Mirage IV also carried three times more internal fuel than the Mirage III. The aircraft's aerodynamic features were very similar to the III's but required a bespoke structure and layout.
The 01 was an experimental prototype built to explore and solve the problems stemming from prolonged supersonic flight. The sizeable technological and operational uncertainties (no plane had yet been found able to cruise at over Mach 1.8 for long periods of time) were only one part of the problem. The weapon-related issues were the other.
It took 18 months to build the 01 in Dassault's Saint-Cloud plant near Paris. In late 1958, the aircraft was transferred to the Melun-Villaroche flight test center for finishing touches and ground tests.
Roland Glavany took the 01 into the air for the first time on 17 June 1959. For its third flight, on 20 June 1959, the 01 was authorized to fly over the Paris Air Show at Le Bourget airport. At least one of the spectators was paying careful attention: France's President Charles de Gaulle. On 19 September 1960, René Bigand upped the world record for speed on a 1000-kilometer closed circuit to 1,822 km/h (1,132 mph). Flight 138, on September 23, corroborated the initial performance and pushed the record on a 500-km closed circuit to an average of 1,972 km/h (1,225 mph), flying between Mach 2.08 and Mach 2.14.
The 01 was eventually found to have insufficient range, so a larger and more sophisticated Mirage IVB project was developed. When this was in turn considered too expensive, the medium-sized Mirage IVA was chosen as the final variant.
The prototype Mirage IVA-02 was flown on 12 October 1961, and was accepted for serial production. The first production Mirage IVA was flown in December 1963. A series of 62 aircraft were built, and they entered service between 1964 and 1968.
In February 1964 the Mirage IV formed the first two French strategic bombing squadrons: EB 1/91 'Gascogne' and 2/91 'Bretagne', followed later on by another seven squadrons in three regiments. After establishment of its own deterrent force, France quit the military command structure of NATO in 1966.
The primary objectives of the Mirage IVA force were major Soviet cities and bases. With aerial refueling, the plane was able to attack Moscow, Murmansk or Ukrainian cities from French bases. In order to refuel the Mirage IVA fleet, France purchased a number of U.S. KC-135F tankers. Even so, Mirage IVAs often operated in pairs, with one aircraft carrying a weapon and the other carrying fuel tanks and a buddy refueling pack allowing it to refuel its mate enroute to the target. Even so, some sources state that some of the mission profiles envisioned were essentially kamikaze missions from which the pilot had little or no chance of returning after bombing a Soviet city. (Cahiers du RMES, Vol II nr 1)
Initially, the basic attack flight profile was "high-high-high" at a speed of Mach 1.85, engaging targets up to a maximum radius of 3,500 km (2,175 mi). In the late 1960s, when the threat of surface-to-air missile defenses made high-altitude flight too hazardous, the Mirage IVA was modified for low-altitude penetration. Flying low, the maximum attack speed was reduced to 1,100 km/h (680 mph) and the combat radius was also decreased.
By the 1970s, it was clear that the vulnerability of the Mirage IV to air defenses (even in low-level flight) made the delivery of gravity bombs impractical. In response, the French developed the ASMP stand-off missile, with a range of up to 400 km (250 mi) and a single 150- or 300-kT nuclear warhead. Nineteen Mirage IVAs were modified to carry the new weapon instead of bombs and received the new designation Mirage IVP (for "Penetration"). The first Mirage IVP flew on 12 October 1982, and entered service on 1 May 1986. This variant could carry either a single missile or a reconnaissance pod on the centerline. When the Mirage IVP entered service with EB 1/91 and EB 2/91 (with six bombers per squadron), the other squadrons using the Mirage IVA were disbanded.
In 1996 the Mirage IVP's nuclear mission was transferred to the Mirage 2000N and EB 2/91 was disbanded. EB 1/91 was redesignated Escadron de Reconnaissance Stratégique (Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron), using all 12 remaining Mirage IVPs. In the recce role, the Mirage IVP has seen service over Bosnia, Iraq, Kosovo, and Afghanistan.
ES 1/91 Gascogne's surviving Mirage IVPs were retired in 2005. They were scheduled to be immediately replaced by Mirage 2000N aircraft fitted with the new PRNG (Pod de Reconnaissance Nouvelle Génération, New Generation Recce Pod) system with digital camera equipment. However, the recce-configured 2000Ns will not be ready until 2007, so the Armée de l'Air's Mirage F1CRs are assuming all recce duties in the interim.
The aircraft has been popular with its crews, which find it enjoyable to fly despite its antiquated systems and generally uncomfortable cockpit, and it requires surprisingly little maintenance considering its age and complexity.
[edit] Description
The Mirage IV is similar in design layout to the Mirage fighters, featuring a tailless delta wing and a single square-topped vertical fin. It has two SNECMA Atar turbojets in the rear fuselage, with air intakes on both sides of the fuselage, very similar to the Mirage III's souris ("mice"). It can reach high supersonic speeds: the aircraft is redlined at Mach 2.2 at altitude because of airframe temperature restrictions, although it is capable of higher speeds. Although the aircraft has 14,000 liters (3,700 gal (US)) of internal fuel, its engines are quite thirsty, especially in afterburner.
The crew of two (pilot and navigator) are seated in tandem cockpits under separate canopies. A bombing/navigation radar is housed within a radome in the fuselage under the intakes, aft of the cockpit. A refueling boom is built into the nose and figures prominently in Mirage IV operations.
The Mirage IV has two pylons under each wing, with the inboard pylons being normally used for large drop tanks of 2,500 liter (660 gal (US)) capacity. The outer pylons carry ECM and chaff/flare dispenser pods to supplement the internal jamming and countermeasures systems. On current aircraft, these are typically a Barax NG jammer pod under the port wing and a Boz expendables dispenser under the starboard wing. No cannon armament was fitted. The early Mirage IVA had a fuselage recess under the engines for a single AN-11 or AN-22 nuclear weapon of 60-kT yield.
From 1972 onward, 12 aircraft were also equipped to carry the CT52 reconnaissance pod in the bomb recess. The CT52 is available in either BA (Basse Altitude, low-level) or HA (Haute Altitude, high-altitude) versions with three or four long-range cameras. A third configuration is an infrared linescanner. None of the CT52 has any digital systems, relying on older 'wet' film cameras.
Later Mirage IVP aircraft could be fitted a single centerline pylon for the ASMP stand-off missile.
The Mirage IVA could theoretically carry up to six large conventional bombs at the cost of drop tanks and ECM pods, but such armament was rarely fitted in practice.
[edit] Operators
[edit] Specifications (Mirage IVA)
General characteristics
- Crew: 2: pilot, navigator
- Length: 23.50 m (77 ft)
- Wingspan: 11.84 m (38 ft 11 in)
- Height: 5.65 m (18 ft 6 in)
- Wing area: 78.0 m² (840 ft²)
- Empty weight: 14,500 kg (32,000 lb)
- Loaded weight: 31,600 kg (69,700 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 33,475 kg (73,645 lb)
- Powerplant: 2× SNECMA Atar 9K-50 turbojets
- Thrust with afterburner: 70.6 kN with afterburner (15,900 lbf) each
Performance
- Maximum speed: Mach 2.2 (1,350 km/h, 840 mph)
- Combat radius: 1,240 km ()
- Ferry range: 4,000 km (2,200 nm, 2,500 mi)
- Service ceiling: 20,000 m (66,000 ft)
- Rate of climb: 43.1 m/s (8,490 ft/min)
- Wing loading: 405-429 kg/m² (83-88 lb/ft²)
- Thrust/weight: 0.46
Armament
Avionics
- Thomson-CSF navigation radar
- Doppler navigation
- CT-52 sensor pod for strategic reconnaissance
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