Economic Community of Central African States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), in French Communauté Économique des États d'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC), is an organisation for promotion of regional economic co-operation in Central Africa. It "aims to achieve collective autonomy, raise the standard of living of its populations and maintain economic stability through harmonious cooperation".
Contents |
[edit] History and background
At a summit meeting in December 1981, the leaders of the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) agreed in principle to form a wider economic community of Central African states. ECCAS was established on 18 October 1983 by the UDEAC members, Sao Tomé and Principe and the members of the Economic Community of the Great Lakes States (CEPGL established in 1976 by the DR Congo, Burundi and Rwanda). Angola remained an observer until 1999, when it became a full member. ECCAS began functioning in 1985, but was inactive for several years because of financial difficulties (non-payment of membership fees by the member states) and the conflict in the Great Lakes area. The war in the DR Congo was particularly divisive, as Rwanda and Angola fought on opposing sides. ECCAS has been designated a pillar of the African Economic Community (AEC), but formal contact between the AEC and ECCAS was only established in October 1999 due to the inactivity of ECCAS since 1992 (ECCAS signed the Protocol on Relations between the AEC and the regional blocs (RECs) in October 1999). The AEC again confirmed the importance of ECCAS as the major economic community in Central Africa at the third preparatory meeting of its Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in June 1999.
[edit] Second Extra Ordinary Summit of ECCAS
Presided over by President Pierre Buyoya of Burundi, the summit was held in Libreville on 6 February 1998. The Heads of State and Government present at the summit committed themselves to the resurrection of the organisation. The Prime Minister of Angola also indicated that his country would become a fully fledged member. The summit approved a budget of 10 million French Francs for 1998 and requested the Secretariat to:
- Obtain assistance from UNECA to evaluate the operational activities of the secretariat; to evaluate the contributions due by member states; and the salaries and salary structures of employees of the secretariat
- Convene an extra-ordinary meeting of the Council of Ministers as soon as possible to evaluate the recommendations of UNECA; the Council should then draw up proposals for a new administrative structure for the secretariat and revised contributions due by each member state.
The summit also requested countries in the region to find lasting and peaceful solutions to their political problems. The chairman also appealed to member countries to support the complete lifting of the embargo placed on his country.
During the inauguration of President Bongo of Gabon on 21 January 1999, a mini-summit of ECCAS leaders was held. The leaders discussed problems concerning the functioning of ECCAS and the creation of a third Deputy Secretary-General post, designated for Angola. Angola formally joined the Community during this summit.
[edit] 10th Session of Heads of State and Government
The 10th Ordinary Session of Heads of State and Government took place in Malabo in June 2002. This Summit decided to adopt a protocol on the establishment of a Network of Parliamentarians of Central Africa (REPAC) and to adopt the standing orders of the Council for Peace and Security in Central Africa (COPAX), including the Defence and Security Commission (CDC), Multinational Force of Central Africa (FOMAC) and the Early Warning Mechanism of Central Africa (MARAC).
Rwanda was also officially welcomed upon its return as a full member of ECCAS.
[edit] 11th Session of Heads of State and Government
The 11th Ordinary Session of Heads of State and Government in Brazzaville during January 2004 welcomed the fact that the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of a Council for Peace and Security in Central Africa (COPAX) had received the required number of ratifications to enter into force.
The Summit also adopted a declaration on the implementation of NEPAD in Central Africa as well as a declaration on gender equality.
[edit] Recent Activities
Some of the ECCAS states have formed the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). On 24 January 2003, the European Union concluded a financial agreement with ECCAS and CEMAC, conditional on ECCAS and CEMAC merging into one organization, with ECCAS taking responsibility for the peace and security of the sub-region through its security pact COPAX.
The EU had multiple peacekeeping missions in the DR Congo: Operation Artemis (June to September 2003), EUPOL Kinshasa (from October 2003) and EUSEC DR Congo (from May 2005).
[edit] Member states
From 1985:
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Rwanda (self-suspended 2001-2002)
São Tomé and Príncipe
From 1999:
Angola (Until 1999 only an observer)
[edit] General information
The headquarters of the ECCAS are situated in Libreville, Gabon.
The working languages of the Community are French, Spanish, and Portuguese.
ECCAS is one of the pillars of the African Economic Community (AEC).
| African Economic Community |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pillars regional blocs (REC) |
Area (km²) | Population | GDP (PPP) ($US) | Member states |
|
| in millions | per capita | ||||
| AEC | 29,910,442 | 853,520,010 | 2,053,706 | 2,406 | 53 |
| ECOWAS | 5,112,903 | 251,646,263 | 342,519 | 1,361 | 15 |
| ECCAS | 6,667,421 | 121,245,958 | 175,928 | 1,451 | 11 |
| SADC | 9,882,959 | 233,944,179 | 737,335 | 3,152 | 14 |
| EAC | 1,763,777 | 97,865,428 | 104,239 | 1,065 | 3 |
| COMESA | 12,873,957 | 406,102,471 | 735,599 | 1,811 | 20 |
| IGAD | 5,233,604 | 187,969,775 | 225,049 | 1,197 | 7 |
| Western Sahara 3 |
266,000 | 273,008 | ? | ? | N/A 4 |
| Other African blocs |
Area (km²) | Population | GDP (PPP) ($US) | Member states |
|
| in millions | per capita | ||||
| CEMAC 1 | 3,020,142 | 34,970,529 | 85,136 | 2,435 | 6 |
| SACU 1 | 2,693,418 | 51,055,878 | 541,433 | 10,605 | 5 |
| UEMOA 1 | 3,505,375 | 80,865,222 | 101,640 | 1,257 | 8 |
| UMA 2 | 5,782,140 | 84,185,073 | 491,276 | 5,836 | 5 |
| Agadir | 1,703,910 | 126,066,286 | 513,674 | 4,075 | 4 |
| 1 Economic bloc inside a pillar REC 2 Proposed for pillar REC, but objecting participation |
|||||
[edit] Structure
- Conference of Heads of State and Government
- Council of Ministers
- Secretariat General (one secretary-general elected for four years and three assistant secretaries-general)
- Court of Justice
- Consultative Commission
[edit] Objectives
The ultimate goal is to establish a Central African Common Market. At the Malabo Heads of State and Government Conference in 1999, four priority fields for the organization were identified:
- to develop capacities to maintain peace, security and stability - as essential prerequisites for economic and social development
- to develop physical, economic and monetary integration
- to develop a culture of human integration
- to establish an autonomous financing mechanism for ECCAS
[edit] Treaties and protocols
- Treaty Establishing the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
- Protocol Establishing the Network of Parliamentarians of ECCAS (REPAC)
- Mutual Assistance Pact Between Member States of ECCAS
- Protocol Relating to the Establishment of a Mutual Security Pact in Central Africa (COPAX)
[edit] Appendices to the ECCAS Treaty
- Protocol on the Rules of Origin for products to be traded between member states of the ECCAS
- Protocol on Non-Tariff Trade Barriers
- Protocol on the Re-export of goods within the ECCAS
- Protocol on Transit and Transit facilities
- Protocol on Customs cooperation within the ECCAS
- Protocol on the Fund for Compensation for Loss of Revenue
- Protocol on Freedom of movement and Rights of Establishment of nationals of member states within the ECCAS
- Protocol on the Clearing House for the ECCAS
- Protocol on Cooperation in Agricultural development between member states of the ECCAS
- Protocol on Cooperation in Industrial development between member states of the ECCAS
- Protocol on Cooperation in Transport and Communications between member states of the ECCAS
- Protocol on Cooperation in Science and Technology between member states of the ECCAS
- Protocol on Energy cooperation between member states of the ECCAS
- Protocol on Cooperation in Natural resources between member states of the ECCAS
- Protocol on Cooperation in the development of Human resources, Education, Training and Culture between member states of the ECCAS
- Protocol on Cooperation in Tourism between member states of the ECCAS
- Protocol on the Simplification and Harmonization of Trade documents and Procedures within the ECCAS
- Protocol on the Situation of Landlocked, Semi-Landlocked, Island, Part-Island and/or Least Advanced Countries
[edit] Peace and security activities
Central African states adopted a pact of non-aggression at the end of the fifth meeting of the UN Consultative Committee on Security in Central Africa held in Yaoundé, Cameroon. The pact, adopted on 9 September 1994, was arrived at after five days of meeting and discussions between military experts and ministers of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe. At a summit conference of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa which took place in Yaoundé on 25-26 February 1999, member states decided to create an organisation for the promotion, maintenance and consolidation of peace and security in Central Africa, which would be called the Council for Peace and Security in Central Africa (COPAX). The COPAX Protocol has now entered into force.
[edit] Technical organs of the COPAX council
- The Central African Early-Warning System (MARAC), which collects and analyses data for the early detection and prevention of crises.
- The Defence and Security Commission (CDS), which is the meeting of chiefs of staff of national armies and commanders-in-chief of police and gendarmerie forces from the different member states. Its role is to plan, organize and provide advice to the decision-making bodies of the community in order to initiate military operations if needed.
- The Multinational Force of Central Africa (FOMAC), which is a non-permanent force consisting of military contingents from member states, whose purpose is to accomplish missions of peace, security and humanitarian relief.
The standing orders for COPAX, including those of CDS, MARAC and FOMAC were adopted in June 2002 at the 10th Ordinary Summit in Malabo.
In January 2000, Gabon hosted a regional peacekeeping exercise “Gabon 2000” with the objective of increasing the capacity of ECCAS states in the field of peacekeeping and conflict prevention and management. This exercise represented a direct application of the French RECAMP-concept (reinforcement of African peacekeeping capacities).
Extraordinary Summits of both ECCAS and CEMAC took place in Libreville on 23 June 2000. Foreign ministers from 10 Central African states met in the Democratic Republic of Congo on 16 and 17 August 2001 to discuss security in their war-torn region. The meeting was sponsored by the United Nations, and only Rwanda declined to attend.
A Meeting of Defence Chiefs of Staff was held in Brazzaville in October 2003. The meeting decided to create a brigade-size peacekeeping force for intervention in zones of instability in Central Africa, in line with the African Union’s plans to establish an African Standby Force with five brigades, one for each region (North, West, Central, East and Southern Africa). It recommended that military planners from each of the ECCAS states form a group to work out the details for the force. They also suggested the establishment of a joint peacekeeping training centre and military exercises every two years, the first of which is to take place in Chad.
[edit] See also
- Trade bloc
- Collective security
- Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)
- Southern African Development Community (SADC)
- East African Community (EAC)
- Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
- Central American Common Market (CACM)
[edit] External links
- Economic Community of Central African States Official Website
