Fireweed
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| Epilobium angustifolium L. |
- For the tropical plant, see Crassocephalum.
- For the poisonous seaweed (cyanobacteria), see Lyngbya majuscula.
Fireweed or (mainly in Britain) Rosebay Willowherb (Epilobium angustifolium) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the willowherb family Onagraceae. It is native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere.
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[edit] Synonyms
Some botanists distinguish the species from other willowherbs into either of the genera Chamaenerion or Chamerion, on the basis of its spiral (rather than opposite or whorled) leaf arrangement, but this feature (which occurs also to a greater or lesser extent in some other willowherbs) is not of marked taxonomic significance. Nevertheless, the following synonyms may be found: Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub and Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.
[edit] Description
This herb is often abundant in wet calcareous to slightly acidic soils in open fields, pastures, and particularly burned-over lands; the name Fireweed derives from the species' abundance as a coloniser on burnt sites after forest fires. Its tendency to quickly colonize open areas with little competition, such as sites of forest fires and forest clearings makes it a clear example of a pioneer species.
The reddish stems of this herbaceous perennial are usually simple, erect, smooth, 0.5-2.5 m (1½-8 feet) high with scattered alternate leaves. The leaves are entire, lanceolate, and pinnately veined. A relative species, Dwarf Fireweed (Epilobium latifolium), grows to 0.3-0.6 m tall.
The radially symmetrical flowers have four magenta to pink petals, 2 to 3 cm in diameter. The styles have four stigmas, which occur in symmetrical terminal racemes.
The reddish-brown linear seed capsule splits from the apex. It bears many minute brown seeds, about 300 to 400 per capsule and 80,000 per plant. The seeds have silky hairs to aid wind dispersal and are very easily spread by the wind, often becoming a weed and a dominant species on disturbed ground. Once established, the plants also spread extensively by underground roots, an individual plant eventually forming a large patch.
[edit] Uses
The young shoots were often collected in the spring by Native American people and their elderly folk and mixed with other greens. They are best when young and tender; as the plant matures the leaves become tough and somewhat bitter. The southeast Native Americans use the stems in the young stage. They are peeled and eaten raw. When properly prepared soon after picking they are a good source of vitamin C and pro-vitamin A. The Dena'ina eat the young stems and leaves raw or boiled, sometimes with fish eggs. Some people peel the stems before eating them. The inland people mix the cooked fireweed with their dogs' food. Fireweed is also a medicine of the Upper Inlet Dena'ina, who treat pus-filled boils or cuts by placing a piece of the raw stem on the afflicted area. This is said to draw the pus out of the cut or boil and prevents a cut with pus in it from healing over too quickly.
The root can be roasted after scraping off the outside, but often tastes bitter. To mitigate this, collect the root before the plant flowers and remove the brown thread in the middle.
In Alaska, candies, syrups, jellies, and even ice cream are made from fireweed. Monofloral honey made primarily from fireweed nectar is particularly light and mild tasting.
[edit] Trivia
Fireweed is the floral emblem of Yukon.
[edit] References
- BONAP gives Epilobium angustifolium L.
- ITIS gives Chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium (L.) Holub
