Founding Fathers of the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Founding Fathers of the United States, also known to some Americans as the Fathers of Our Country, the Forefathers, Framers or the Founders, are the political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or the United States Constitution, or otherwise participated in the American Revolution as leaders of the Patriots.

Contents 1 Signatories of the Declaration of Independence 2 Constitutional Convention delegates 2.1 Delegates who signed 2.2 16 Delegates who did not sign 2.3 Overview 2.3.1 Political experience 2.4 Occupations 2.4.1 Family and finances 2.4.2 Demographic information 2.4.3 Longevity and family life 2.4.4 Post-convention careers 3 Others 4 References 5 See also 6 External links

[edit] Signatories of the Declaration of Independence

John Adams Samuel Adams Josiah Bartlett Carter Braxton Charles Carroll Samuel Chase Abraham Clark George Clymer William Ellery William Floyd Benjamin Franklin Elbridge Gerry Button Gwinnett Lyman Hall John Hancock Benjamin Harrison John Hart Joseph Hewes Thomas Heyward, Jr. William Hooper

Stephen Hopkins Francis Hopkinson Samuel Huntington Thomas Jefferson Francis Lightfoot Lee Richard Henry Lee Francis Lewis Robert R. Livingston Thomas Lynch, Jr. Thomas McKean Arthur Middleton Lewis Morris Robert Morris John Morton Thomas Nelson, Jr. William Paca John Penn Robert Treat Paine George Read Caesar Rodney

George Ross Benjamin Rush Edward Rutledge Roger Sherman James Smith Richard Stockton Thomas Stone George Taylor Matthew Thornton George Walton William Whipple William Williams James Wilson John Witherspoon Oliver Wolcott George Wythe

[edit] Constitutional Convention delegates

[edit] Delegates who signed

George Washington Abraham Baldwin Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford, Jr. John Blair William Blount David Brearly Jacob Broom Pierce Butler Daniel Carroll George Clymer Jonathan Dayton John Dickinson William Few Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Nicholas Gilman Nathaniel Gorham Alexander Hamilton Jared Ingersoll Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer

William Samuel Johnson Rufus King John Langdon William Livingston James Madison James McHenry Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris William Paterson Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney George Read John Rutledge Roger Sherman Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson James Wilson William Jackson (Secretary)

[edit] 16 Delegates who did not sign

William Richardson Davie Oliver Ellsworth Elbridge Gerry William Houston William Houstoun John Lansing, Jr. Alexander Martin Luther Martin

George Mason James McClurg John Francis Mercer William Pierce Edmund Randolph Caleb Strong George Wythe Robert Yates

[edit] Overview

The 55 delegates who attended the United States Constitutional Convention were a distinguished body of men who represented a cross section of 18th-century American leadership. Almost all of them were well-educated men of means who were dominant in their communities and states, and many were also prominent in national affairs. Virtually every one had taken part in the Revolution; at least 29 had served in the Continental forces, most of them in positions of command.

[edit] Political experience

The group, as a whole, had extensive political experience. At the time of the convention, four-fifths, or 41 individuals, were or had been members of the Continental Congress. Practically all of the 55 delegates had experience in colonial and state government, and the majority had held county and local offices.

• Mifflin and Gorham had served as president of the Continental Congress.
• The ones who lacked congressional experience were Bassett, Blair, Brearly, Broom, Davie, Dayton, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mason, McClurg, Paterson, Charles Pinckney, Strong, Washington and Yates.
• Eight men (Clymer, Franklin, Gerry, Robert Morris, Read, Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) had signed the Declaration of Independence.
• Six (Carroll, Dickinson, Gerry, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, and Sherman) had affixed their signatures to the Articles of Confederation.
• Two, Sherman and Robert Morris, underwrote all three of the nation's basic documents.
• Dickinson, Franklin, Langdon, and Rutledge had been governors.

[edit] Occupations

The delegates practiced a wide range of occupations, and many pursued more than one career simultaneously. Thirty-five were lawyers or had benefited from legal training, though not all of them relied on the profession for a livelihood. Some had also become judges.

• At the time of the convention, 13 individuals were merchants: Blount, Broom, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Gerry, Gilman, Gorham, Langdon, Robert Morris, Pierce, Sherman, and Wilson.
• Six were major land speculators: Blount, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Gorham, Robert Morris, and Wilson.
• Eleven speculated in securities on a large scale: Bedford, Blair, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Franklin, King, Langdon, Robert Morris, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Sherman.
• Twelve owned or managed slave-operated plantations or large farms: Bassett, Blair, Blount, Butler, Carroll, Jenifer, Mason, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Rutledge, Spaight, and Washington. Madison also owned slaves as did Franklin who later freed his slaves and became an abolitionist.
• Broom and Few were small farmers.
• Nine of the men received a substantial part of their income from public office: Baldwin, Blair, Brearly, Gilman, Jenifer, Livingston, Madison, and Rutledge.
• Three had retired from active economic endeavors: Franklin, McHenry, and Mifflin.
• Franklin and Williamson were scientists, in addition to their other activities.
• McClurg, McHenry, and Williamson were physicians, and Johnson was a college president.
• Baldwin had been a minister, and Williamson, Madison, Ellsworth, and possibly others had studied theology but had never been ordained.

[edit] Family and finances

A few of the delegates were wealthy. Most of the others had financial resources that ranged from good to excellent.

• Washington and Robert Morris ranked among the nation's most prosperous men.
• Carroll, Houston, Jenifer, and Mifflin were also extremely well-to-do.
• Among those with the most straitened circumstances were Baldwin, Brearly, Broom, Few, Madison, Paterson, and Sherman, though they all managed to live comfortably.
• A considerable number of the men were born into leading families: Blair, Butler, Carroll, Houston, Ingersoll, Jenifer, Johnson, Livingston, Mifflin, Gouverneur Morris, both Pinckneys, Randolph, Rutledge, Washington, and Wythe.
• Others were self-made men who had risen from humble beginnings: Few, Franklin, Gorham, Hamilton, and Sherman.

[edit] Demographic information

• Most of the delegates were natives of the 13 colonies.
• Only eight were born elsewhere: four (Butler, Fitzsimons, McHenry, and Paterson) in Ireland, two (Davie and Robert Morris) in England, one (Wilson) in Scotland, and one (Hamilton) in the West Indies.
• Many of them had moved from one state to another. Sixteen individuals had already lived or worked in more than one state or colony: Baldwin, Bassett, Bedford, Dickinson, Few, Franklin, Ingersoll, Livingston, Alexander Martin, Luther Martin, Mercer, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, Read, Sherman, and Williamson.
• Several others had studied or traveled abroad.

The educational background of the Founding Fathers was diverse. Some, like Franklin, were largely self-taught and had received scant formal training. Others had obtained instruction from private tutors or at academies. About half of the individuals had attended or graduated from college in the British North American colonies or abroad. Some men held advanced and honorary degrees. For the most part, the delegates were a well-educated group.

[edit] Longevity and family life

For their era, the delegates to the convention (like the signers of the Declaration of Independence) were remarkably long-lived. Their average age at death was almost 67. The first to die was Houston in 1788; the last, Madison in 1836.

• Johnson reached the age of 92.
• Few - Franklin, Madison, Williamson, and Wythe - lived into their eighties.
• Fifteen or sixteen (depending on Fitzsimons's exact age) died in their seventies.
• 20 or 21 in their sixties.
• Eight lived into their fifties.
• Five lived only into their forties.
• Two (Hamilton and Spaight) were killed in duels.

Most of the delegates married and raised children. Sherman fathered the largest family, 15 children by 2 wives.

• At least nine (Bassett, Brearly, Johnson, Mason, Paterson, Charles Cotesworth, Pinckney, Sherman, Wilson, and Wythe) married more than once.
• Four (Baldwin, Gilman, Jenifer, and Alexander Martin) were lifelong bachelors.

In terms of religious affiliation, the men were mostly Protestants. Only three, C. Carroll, D. Carroll, and Fitzsimons, were Roman Catholics. Several were not particularly religious. Although not a religion, a significant number were Freemasons including John Blair, Benjamin Franklin, James Mchenry, George Washington, Abraham Baldwin, Gunning Bedford, William Blount, David Brearly, Daniel Carroll, Jonathan Dayton, Rufus King, John Langdon, George Read, Roger Sherman, James Madison, Robert Morris, William Paterson, and Charles Pinckney.

[edit] Post-convention careers

The delegates' subsequent careers reflected their abilities as well as the vagaries of fate. Most were successful, although seven (Fitzsimons, Gorham, Luther Martin, Mifflin, Robert Morris, Pierce, and Wilson) suffered serious financial reverses that left them in or near bankruptcy. Two, Blount and Dayton, were involved in possibly treasonous activities. Yet, as they had done before the convention, most of the group continued to render outstanding public service, particularly to the new government they had helped to create.

• Washington, John Adams and Madison became President of the United States, and King and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney were nominated as candidates for the office.
• Gerry served as Madison's Vice President. John Adams served as Washington's.
• Hamilton, McHenry, Madison, and Randolph attained Cabinet posts.
• Nineteen men became U.S. senators: Baldwin, Bassett, Blount, Butler, Dayton, Ellsworth, Few, Gilman, Johnson, King, Langdon, Alexander Martin, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, Paterson, Charles Pinckney, Read, Sherman, and Strong. Thirteen served in the House of Representatives: Baldwin, Carroll, Clymer, Dayton, Fitzsimons, Gerry, Gilman, Madison, Mercer, Charles Pinckney, Sherman, Spaight, and Williamson. Of these, Dayton served as Speaker.
• Four men (Bassett, Bedford, Brearly, and Few) served as federal judges, four more (Blair, Paterson, Rutledge, and Wilson) as Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. Rutledge and Ellsworth also held the position of Chief Justice.
• Seven others (Davie, Ellsworth, Gerry, King, Gouverneur Morris, Charles Pinckney, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney) were named to diplomatic missions for the new nation.

Many delegates held important state positions, including governor (Blount, Davie, Franklin, Gerry, Langdon, Livingston, Alexander Martin, Mifflin, Paterson, Charles Pinckney, Spaight, and Strong) and legislator. And most of the delegates contributed in many ways to the cultural life of their cities, communities, and states. Not surprisingly, many of their sons and other descendants were to occupy high positions in American political and intellectual life.

[edit] Others

Richard Bland George W. Bush Jesus Christ George Clinton Patrick Henry John Jay Henry Lee III John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States. James Monroe, Continental Congressman and fifth President of the United States, the last of the "Republican Generation" Thomas Paine, who went on to champion the French Revolution in his Rights of Man. He was elected to the National Convention and helped to write the constitution. Peyton Randolph

[edit] References

• Joseph J. Ellis. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (2002), Pulitzer Prize
• Mark E. Kann; The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy Praeger, 1999
• Adrienne Koch; Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers: Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment 1961
• Frank Lambert. The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. 2003.
• Robert Previdi; "Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
• Cokie Roberts. Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation (2005)
• Paul A. Varg; Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers; Michigan State University Press, 1963
• Gordon S. Wood. Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (2006)

[edit] See also

• Founding Fathers (worldwide)
• List of Continental Congress Delegates
• List of signatories of the United States Constitution
• Gallery of the Founding Fathers of the United States
• History of the United States Constitution
• History of the United States

[edit] External links

• NARA - America's founding fathers
• ColonialHall.com: Biographies of America's Founding Fathers
• The Founding Fathers of the American Revolution - Biographies and Information
• The Founding Fathers and Religion in Government
• The Founding Fathers and their religious thought
• The Founding Fathers and the Separation of Church and State