General Order № 11 (1862)
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General Order № 11 is the title of General Ulysses S. Grant's infamous order of December 17, 1862, during the American Civil War, that all Jews in his district (areas of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Kentucky) be expelled.
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[edit] Previous orders
On April 10, 1862, Grant issued an order "to all the conductors on the road, that no Jews are to be permitted to travel on the road southward."
On December 8, an aide, Colonel John V. DuBois, ordered "all cotton speculators, Jews, and all vagabonds with no honest means of support", to leave the district.
[edit] Reasons for the order
The order was issued as part of a campaign led unwillingly by Grant, who would much have preferred devoting his energies toward the capture of Vicksburg, against a black market in Southern cotton. Eventually he became convinced that it was being run, "Mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders." In fact, only a handful were Jews.
[edit] Text of Grant's order
- HDQRS. 13TH A. C., DEPT. OF THE TENN.,
- Holly Springs, December 17, 1862.
- The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled from the department within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order.
- Post commanders will see that all of this class of people be furnished passes and required to leave, and any one returning after such notification will be arrested and held in confinement until an opportunity occurs of sending them out as prisoners, unless furnished with permit from headquarters.
- No passes will be given these people to visit headquarters for the purpose of making personal application for trade permits.
- By order of Maj. Gen. U.S. Grant:
- JNO. A. RAWLINS,
- Assistant Adjutant-General.
[edit] Similar orders from Grant
Although Order 11 was portrayed as being outside the normal inclinations and character of Grant, it has been suggested by the Civil War historian Bertram Korn that the order was part of a consistent pattern. "[T]his was not the first discriminatory order [Grant] had signed... he was firmly convinced of the Jews' guilt and was eager to use any means of ridding himself of them." (American Jewry and the Civil War, p. 143). Korn goes on to cite the other orders:
- La Grange, Tenn., November 9, 1862
- Major-General Hurlbut, Jackson, Tenn.:
- Refuse all permits to come south of Jackson for the present. The Israelites especially should be kept out.
- U.S. Grant
- Major-General
- Refuse all permits to come south of Jackson for the present. The Israelites especially should be kept out.
- La Grange, November 10, 1862
- General Webster, Jackson, Tenn.:
- Give orders to all the conductors on the road that no Jews are to be permitted to travel on the railroad southward from any point. They may go north and be encouraged in it; but they are such an intolerable nuisance that the department must be purged of them.
- U.S. Grant
- Major-General
- Give orders to all the conductors on the road that no Jews are to be permitted to travel on the railroad southward from any point. They may go north and be encouraged in it; but they are such an intolerable nuisance that the department must be purged of them.
(Italics in Korn)
[edit] Reaction
A group of Paducah, Kentucky Jewish merchants, led by Cesar Kaskel, dispatched a telegram to President Abraham Lincoln, condemning the order as an “enormous outrage on all laws and humanity, …the grossest violation of the Constitution and our rights as good citizens under it.” The telegram also noted it would "place us… as outlaws before the whole world. We respectfully ask your immediate attention to this enormous outrage on all law and humanity…" Throughout the Union, Jewish groups protested and sent telegrams to Washington, D.C.
Kaskel also led a delegation to Washington, D.C., arriving there on January 3, 1863. In Washington, he conferred with Jewish Republican Adolphus Solomons and a Cincinnati congressman, John A. Gurley. After meeting with Gurley, he went directly to the White House. Lincoln received the delegation and studied Kaskel's copies of General Order № 11 and the specific order expelling Kaskel from Paducah. The President told Henry W. Halleck to have Grant revoke General Order № 11, which he did in the following message:
- A paper purporting to be General Orders, № 11, issued by you December 17, has been presented here. By its terms, it expells (sic) all Jews from your department. If such an order has been issued, it will be immediately revoked.
Grant revoked the order three days later.
On January 6, a delegation led by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise of Cincinnati, called on Lincoln to express its gratitude that the order had been rescinded. Lincoln expressed surprise that Grant had issued such a command and stated his conviction that “to condemn a class is, to say the least, to wrong the good with the bad.” He drew no distinction between Jew and Gentile, the president said, and would allow no American to be wronged because of his religious affiliation.
When he ran for President in 1868, Grant was able to carry the Jewish vote and named several Jews to high office.
[edit] See also
- 40 acres and a mule, aka Special Field Order № 15
