Herman Dooyeweerd
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Herman Dooyeweerd (October 7, 1894, Amsterdam - February 12, 1977) was a Dutch juridical scholar by training, who by vocation was a philosopher, and the founder of a new approach called, the philosophy of the cosmonomic idea. He received early support for his work from his brother-in-law D. H. Th. Vollenhoven and later from H.G. Stoker in South Africa and Cornelius Van Til in the United States.
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[edit] Overview of the cosmonomic idea
Dooyeweerd attempted to provide a philosophy which accounted for not only the differences within reality, but also, between one thinker and another. Following Abraham Kuyper, and other, earlier Neo-Calvinists, Dooyeweerd attempted to describe reality as a creation of God, which has its meaning from God. This God-given meaning is displayed in all of the aspects of things, which has implications for science.
For example, even though a lawyer and a biologist might study the same things, they are interested in different aspects. They are looking at the meaning of a thing with different focus, equally concerned with what is real. Perceptions of reality through this kind of scientific attitude, selecting one aspect as distinct from others for study, will necessarily be governed by fundamental assumptions about how these various kinds of meaning are related to one another in a coherent whole, belonging within the total range of all experiences. He argued that this showed the need for a consistent and radically Christian philosophy which he sought to provide.
Dooyeweerd self-consciously allowed his Christian perspective to guide his understanding, but in a philosophical rather than a theological mode of thought. He believed that this permitted him to gain insight into the principle by which diversity and the unity of meaning are held together, as he directs his thought toward the origin of things, which is God, and God's purpose for making things, which is found in Christ. This basic religious orientation should affect the way that the Christian understands things. In contrast to a dualistic type of religious ground motive, such as would arise from a speculative approach, Dooyeweerd suggested that the Christian's basic orientation to the world ought to be derived not from human thought itself, but from God's revealed purposes: Creation, the Fall into Sin, and Redemption in Christ. This Christian religious ground motive is a fundamentally different posture toward things, compared to say, the "Form/Matter" scheme of the Greeks, the "Nature/Grace" synthesis of Medieval Christianity, or the "Nature/Freedom" approach of the Enlightenment, all of which are orientations divided against themselves by their reliance upon two contradictory principles. While the Christian religious view of things as Created, Fallen and Redeemed has often been blended with speculative and dualistic schemes, it has never really become fully identified with them; so that, there is historical continuity in Christian thought despite the fact that it has undergone numerous significant shifts, in Dooyeweerd's view.
A religious ground motive is a spiritual driving force that impels each thinker to interpret reality under its influence. In the case of thinkers who presume that human thought is autonomous, who operate by the dictum that it does not matter whether God exists or not, Dooyeweerd wrote that his basic commitment to autonomous thought forces the thinker to pick out some aspect of the creation as the origin of all meaning. In doing so, the supposed autonomous thinker is made captive to a kind of idol of his own making, which bends his understanding to conform to its dictates, according to Dooyeweerd.
Although he self-consciously exposes the religious nature of his philosophy, Dooyeweerd suggests that in fact, all thought is inescapably religious in character. This religious stamp is disguised when the supposed origin of meaning, toward which various thinkers direct their thought, is not called God, but is rather said to be some aspect of creation. This, he suggests, in a Christian philosophical mode of thought expresses why humanistic science will produce bitterly conflicting ideologies. It helps to locate the "antithesis", the source of irreducible differences, between various perspectives. The "antithesis" must be accounted for as a foundational issue, in any complete philosophy; and, this antithesis is religious in nature, according to Dooyeweerd.
Borrowing language and concepts from a wide variety of philosophical schools, especially from the Marburg school of neo-Kantianism, Dooyeweerd builds on this foundation of a supposed "antithesis", to make distinctions between one kind of thinking and another, theorizing that diverse kinds of thinking disclose diverse kinds of meaning, and that this meaning corresponds in some way to the actual state of affairs.
Dooyeweerd developed an anti-reductionist ontology of "modal aspects", concerning diverse kinds of meaning which are disclosed in the analysis of every existent thing. He considered such modes to be irreducible to each other and yet indissolubly linked. Dooyeweerd at first suggested that there were 14 modes but later postulated 15 (Dooyeweerd 1997 Vol.2 p.98). The indissoluble coherence of these modal aspects is envinced through their analogical relationship to one another, and finally in their concentration in the central religious selfhood which has a direct relationship to its origin: God.
[edit] Works and legacy
The majority of Dooyeweerd's published articles and multi-volume works originally appeared only in Dutch. During his lifetime efforts were already underway to make his work available to English-speakers. Translation of Dooyeweerd's writing has continued since 1994 under the oversight of the Dooyeweerd Centre (see link below). To date, thirteen books have been published in English, including his magnum opus, De Wijsbegeerte der Wetsidee(1935-6), which was revised and expanded in English as, A New Critique of Theoretical Thought (1953-8). For an introduction to Dooyeweerd's thought, the 2004 publication, Political Philosophy, with introduction by David T. Koyzis, may be a good option.
Dooyeweerd's influence has continued through the Association for Reformational Philosophy and its journal Philosophia Reformata which he and Vollenhoven set up. There are also a number of institutions around the world that draw their inspiration from his philosophy.
Accolades such as that offered by Professor G.D. Langemeijer, Chairman of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences, indicate that the full influence of Dooyeweerd's ideas is yet to be seen. Langemeijer claimed that Dooyeweerd was "...the most original philosopher Holland has ever produced, even Spinoza not excepted."
[edit] Works
[edit] Multi-volume publications
- A New Critique of Theoretical Thought (Edwin Mellen Press, 1997)
- Volume I: The Necessary Presuppositions of Philosophy
- Volume II: The General Theory of the Modal Spheres
- Volume III: The Structure of Individuality of Temporal Reality
- Volume IV: Index of Subject and Authors (compiled by H. de Jongste)
- Reformation and Scholasticism in Philosophy
- Volume I: The Greek Prelude
- Encyclopedia of the Science of Law
- Volume 1: Introduction
[edit] Collected essays and compilations
- Christian Philosophy and the Meaning of History
- Essays in Legal, Social, and Political Philosophy
- Roots of Western Culture
- In The Twilight of Western Thought
- Political Philosophy
[edit] External links
- The Dooyeweerd pages
- The Dooyeweerd Centre for Christian Philosophy
- De Wijsbegeerte der Wetsidee - Online, translated excerpts of The Philosophy of the Law-Idea (Amsterdam: H.J. Paris, 1935-36), by Dr. J. Glenn Friesen
- Andrew Basden (2002-12-01) The critical theory of Herman Dooyeweerd? Journal of Information Technology 17(4):257-269
- David T. Koyzis' summaries - Koyzis' reworking of Dooyeweerd's modal scale, and Spanish translation of his Introductory Essay to Political Philosophy (2004 publication of the Collected Works of Herman Dooyeweerd)
