Jack Jouett
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John "Jack" Jouett, Jr. (December 7, 1754–March 1, 1822) a politician and a hero of the American Revolution, known as the "Paul Revere of the South" for his late night ride to warn Thomas Jefferson, then the Governor of Virginia, and the Virginia legislature of coming British cavalry who had been sent to capture them. Jouett was also the father of Matthew Harris Jouett, a famous painter from Kentucky.
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[edit] The Jouett Family and Revolution
Jack Jouett served as a Captain in the 16th regiment of the Virginia militia during the American Revolutionary War. He was an imposing figure at 6'4" and 220 pounds and contemporary accounts describe him as muscular and handsome.[1] Jouett's family, based in Albemarle County, was very active in the revolutionary cause. Both Jouett and his father, John, Senior, had signed the Albemarle Declaration, a document renouncing King George III signed by 202 Albemarle citizens. During the Revolution, Jouett's father supplied the military with meat for its rations, and Jouett's three brothers all served in the military, including one who was killed at the Battle of Brandywine.[2]
[edit] Jack Jouett's Ride
[edit] Background: The British Plan
On June 1, 1781 British General Cornwallis learned from a captured dispatch that Gov. Thomas Jefferson and Virginia's legislature fled to Charlottesville, Virginia,[3] the location of Jefferson's home, Monticello. Virginia's government had escaped to Charlottesville after Benedict Arnold, who had defected to the British, had attacked the capital of Richmond. Cornwallis ordered Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton to ride to Charlottesville, Virginia and capture Gov. Jefferson and the Virginia legislature. Tarleton hoped to capture Jefferson and the many notable Revolutionary leaders who were Virginia legislators, including: Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Nelson, Jr., and Benjamin Harrison V.
On June 3, Tarleton left Cornwallis's camp on the North Anna River[4] with 180 cavalrymen and 70 mounted infantry. Tarleton marched his force covertly and planned to cover the last 70 miles to Charlottesville in 24 hours, an incredibly fast maneuver designed to catch the politicians completely unaware.[5]
[edit] The Ride Begins
Jouett, twenty-seven years old, lay asleep on the lawn of the Cuckoo Tavern (although an account by Thomas Jefferson says Jouett was at his father's house) in Louisa County, Virginia on the night of June 3, 1781.[6] During the night, he heard the sound of approaching cavalry and spotted the "White Coats," the British cavalry led by Colonel Tarleton.[7]
Jouett correctly suspected that the cavalry were marching to Charlottesville to capture Virginia's government. Jouett knew that the legislature was completely undefended. Very little fighting had taken place on Virginia soil from 1776 to 1780, so most of Virginia's forces were deployed elsewhere. The British had only recently begun significant campaigns in Virginia, so few forces were in the state except a small group led by the Marquis de Lafayette, who was far from Charlottesville. With no possibility of defense, the only hope for Jefferson and the legislators was advanced warning and escape. Jouett quickly mounted his horse and, at about 10 P.M., began the 40 mile ride from Louisa to Charlottesville. With the British cavalry on the main highway, Jouett had to take the rough backwoods trails, lit by a full moon, and still ride fast enough to beat the British.[8]
[edit] Tarleton's Travels
At 11 P.M., Tarleton paused for a three hour rest at Louisa Courthouse. He began his march again at about 2 A.M. He soon encountered a train of 11 supply wagons bound for South Carolina where Nathaniel Greene led the main branch of the Continental Army in the South. Tarleton burnt the wagons and continued onwards.
Around dawn, Tarleton reached the plantations of Castle Hill, Doctor Thomas Walker's home, and splinter group of British arrived at Belvoir, the home of his son, Continental Congress member John Walker. Tarleton captured or paroled various important figures at the two plantations, including Daniel Boone, a legislator from what would become Kentucky.[9]
Various legends have sprung up about the stop at Castle Hill. Supposedly, Dr. Walker prepared an elaborate breakfast, including alcohol, for Tarleton in order to give more time for Jefferson and the legislature to get warning of the cavalry. Tarleton's account says he did pause at Castle Hill for a half-hour rest, but the story of Dr. Walker's ploy is probably historically inaccurate.[10]
[edit] Jouett's Warning and Monticello
Jouett's route took him through a ford of the Rivanna River at the town of Milton. At about 4:30 A.M., he crossed the ford and ascended the mountain on which Jefferson's Monticello sits. At Monticello, Jouett awoke Jefferson and his guests, several Virginia legislators. Jefferson rewarded Jouett with some fine Madeira. Jouett then left to travel the extra two miles to warn the town of Charlottesville.
Jefferson did not rush. He had breakfast with the legislators, and began making arrangements to leave. He spent two hours gathering his papers together. When Captain Christopher Hudson rode to Monticello to warn of the imminent arrival of the British, Jefferson sent his family to Enniscorthy, a friend's estate about 14 miles away. He himself continued to prepare to leave, setting a horse outside his estate for a quick escape. He continually checked Charlottesville with his telescope for signs of the British. By the time he finally saw them, cavalry were already on Monticello's lawn. He quickly mounted his horse and escaped, successfully eluding the British in the woods.[11]
The British detachment sent to Monticello was led by Captain Kenneth McLeod.[12] Upon their arrival, the British found Jefferson's slaves hurriedly hiding his valuables. However, the British followed orders from Cornwallis not to damage or steal from Jefferson's home.
[edit] Jouett and Charlottesville
After Monticello, Jouett rode to the tavern where most of legislators were staying, the Swan Tavern (owned by Jouett's father). The legislators decided to flee and reconvene in Staunton, 35 miles west, in three days, June 7. Jouett's warning allowed most legislators to escape, but seven were caught.
Jouett displayed more heroics and helped General Edward Stevens escape. The general was recovering from wounds he received at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. From the Swan Tavern, Jouett rode with Gen. Stevens as he made his escape, but the wounded Stevens could not ride fast enough to keep the British from catching up.[13] Fortunately, Jouett had the eccentric habit of dressing in ornate miltiary costume and Stevens was dressed in shoddy clothing. British cavalry assumed that Jouett, dressed in a scarlet coat and wearing a plumed hat, must be a high military officer, so they ignored the shabby Stevens and chased Jouett, who successfully eluded them.[14]
[edit] Aftermath and Honors
In Staunton, the legislature elected Thomas Nelson to be the next governor, since Jefferson's term had actually expired on June 2.[15]
Recognizing their debt to Jouett, the legislature passed a resolution on June 15 to honor him. The legislature resolved to give Jouett a pair of pistols and a sword in gratitude. Jouett received the pistols in 1783, but it took 20 years before he got the promised sword.
[edit] Later life
In 1782, Jouett moved to what is now Kentucky. On his way to Kentucky, Jouett heard a woman's screams coming from a house. He burst into the house and found a wife being abused by her husband. He attempted to help by knocking down the husband, but the wife did not appreciate his involvement and struck him over the head with a pot. The pot's bottom gave out, and the pot became stuck around Jouett's neck. Jouett fled the scene and travelled 35 miles before he found a blacksmith to remove the pot.[16]
Jouett settled in Mercer County. He served as a Virginia state legislator and, when Kentucky became an independent state, a Kentucky state legislator from Mercer and later Woodford County when he moved there. Jouett was a prominent citizen of Kentucky. He had friendships with Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay. In business, he focused on livestock raising and breeding, importing animals from England.[17]
While in Mercer, Jouett married Sallie Robard. Together they had 12 children, including the famous painter Matthew Harris Jouett. Of his famous son Jouett said, "I sent Matthew to college to make a gentleman of him, and he has turned out to be nothing but a damned sign painter."[18] Jouett had another notable descendant, through Matthew, his grandson James Edward "Fighting Jim" Jouett. James served under Admiral Farragut, and was immortalized in Farragut's famous quote "Damn the torpedoes! Four bells! Captain Drayton go ahead! Jouett full speed!"[19]
Jack Jouett died March 1, 1822 at his daughter's house in Bath County, Kentucky.[20] He is buried in Bath County at the "Peeled Oak" farm in an unmarked grave. The site of the grave was lost until the 20th century.[21]
[edit] Legacy
Jack Jouett has, for the most part, fallen through the cracks of history. Many contend that his ride was far more important than that of Paul Revere. However, Revere's ride had the benefit of Longfellow's poem to enshrine it in the American consciousness. In an attempt to help promote Jouett's memory, the Charlottesville Daily Press published the following poem on October 26, 1909:
"Hearken good people: awhile abide
And hear of stout Jack Jouett's ride;
How he rushed his steed, nor stopped nor stayed
Till he warned the people of Tarleton's raid.
The moment his warning note was rehearsed
The State Assembly was quickly dispersed.
In their haste to escape, they did not stop
Until they had crossed the mountain top.
And upon the other side come down.
To resume their sessions in Staunton Town.
His parting steed he spurred,
In haste to carry the warning
To that greatest statesman of any age,
The Immortal Monticello Sage.
Here goes to thee, Jack Jouett!
Lord keep thy memory green;
You made the greatest ride, sir,
That ever yet was seen."[22]
[edit] References
- Jack Jouett House in Kentucky
- A teacher's guide on Jouett
- Old Newspaper Article - "When Jouett Rode to Save Jefferson." Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 2, 1934.
- History Magazine Article Jack Jouett of Virginia: the "Other Ride." Reprint from "The Valley Compatriot." February, 1984. Donald Norman Moran, ed. americanrevolution.org.
- History Article, by Virginius Dabney "Jack Jouett's Ride." American Heritage Magazine. December 1961. Volume 13, Issue 1.
