Jeffrey Hudson
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Jeffrey Hudson (1619–1682) was a dwarf who belonged to the court of Queen Henrietta Maria of England in the years before King Charles I was deposed. He was famous as the "Queen's dwarf", and "Lord Minimus", and was considered one of the "wonders of the age" because of his extreme but well-proportioned smallness. He fought with the Royalists in the English Civil War and fled with the Queen to France when they lost in 1644. When he killed a man in a duel in an apparent attempt to move beyond his mascot role, he was expelled from her court.
Soon after, he was captured by Barbary pirates, and spent 25 years as a slave in North Africa before being ransomed back to England and living out the rest of his life in penury.
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[edit] Early life and rise to prominence
Jeffrey was born in Oakham in Rutland , north of London in 1619. His parents, three brothers, and a half-sister were all of 'normal size.' Hudson's father was keeper of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham's baiting bulls. Jeffrey's marvelous smallness and normal proportions became apparent in early childhood.
On his 7th birthday, in 1626 Jeffrey Hudson was presented to the Duchess of Buckingham as a "rarity of nature" and she invited him to join the household. A few months later the Duke and Duchess entertained King Charles and his young French wife, Queen Henrietta Maria in London. The climax of the lavish banquet was the presentation of Jeffrey to the Queen, served in a large pie. When the pie was placed in front of the Queen, Jeffrey arose from the crust, 18 inches tall and perhaps dressed in a miniature suit of armor. The Queen was delighted and the Duke and Duchess of Buckingham offered Hudson to her as an amusing gift.
[edit] Jeffrey at the Queen's court
Jeffrey moved into Denmark House in London in late 1626, where the Queen maintained her royal household, with its many French attendants and Catholic priests. He was one of several natural curiosities and pets, among whom were a giant Welsh porter named William Evans, two disproportionate dwarfs, and a monkey called Pug. As he "grew up" in years, if not in inches, Jeffrey learned to amuse and entertain with his wit and courtly behavior as well as his appearance. Dwarfs were not rare in the courts of Europe but Jeffrey's fine proportions and tiny size made him uniquely famous. His size was repeatedly described as 18 or 19 inches and he is reported to have grown little between 7 and 30 years of age. He was often cast in picturesque roles in the elaborate costumed masques which were staged by Inigo Jones for the amusement of the court.
Although the courtiers mixed for common events, King Charles I and his young wife maintained separate courts and households in London. Henrietta was French, and Roman Catholic, and her presence in London was a potential source of tension despite the value of the marriage in maintaining a friendly relationship with France. There were political disputes over the size of her court, especially the number of priests. She was allowed to have a chapel constructed in Denmark House for Roman Catholic church services, the only place in the kingdom where this was permitted. Over the years the relationship between Henrietta and Charles grew stronger as the relationship between Charles and much of England grew worse.
In 1630, at about 10 years of age, Jeffrey was included in a mission to France. Although the principal purpose of the mission was to return with a midwife for the Queen's first pregnancy, it is likely that Jeffrey was sent for the appreciation of the French court. On the return journey across the channel their ship was captured by Dunkirk pirates, who plundered the ship but eventually released them to return to England. Hudson's second trip across the channel occurred in 1637, at age 18, when a group of courtiers traveled to the Netherlands to observe the siege of Breda, as the Dutch were attempting to expel the Spanish army.
Jeffrey was educated in the Queen's household and learned the manners of the court. He was brought up in the Roman Catholic church of her household. He learned to ride a horse and shoot a pistol. He was celebrated in a variety of poems and narratives of the day. However, despite his wit and intelligence, it was the novelty of his shortness that was most prized and all understood that if he had been of normal height he would have had no place at court. This is explicitly acknowledged in one of several adulatory poems.
[edit] The coming of the Civil War and the dissolution of the court
By 1640 the relationship between King Charles and the Parliament had deteriorated to the point of plots and attempted arrests. Armed conflict broke out between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians in 1642. As Charles led the Royalist army, the Queen took a small number of her retinue, including Hudson, to the Netherlands to raise money and support for him. By selling articles from her palace she raised enough to buy some supplies for the Royalist army but was unsuccessful in obtaining official support from the Protestant Dutch government. She returned to England with her courtiers and they found themselves in the middle of a full-blown civil war.
They were able to join Royalist forces at Oxford. The Queen appointed Hudson a "Captain of Horse." It is not known whether he commanded troops or saw combat in one of Prince Rupert's cavalry raids, but he considered the appointment an honor rather than a joke and later in life continued to style himself Captain Jeffrey Hudson.
As it became apparent that the war was broadening rather than concluding, the Queen fled to France in 1643 with a small group of courtiers and household staff, again including Hudson. Although they were warmly received in France and provided with space in the Louvre palace, the Queen was ailing after a difficult delivery and she soon moved her court in exile to the spa at Nevers.
[edit] Duel and disaster
Royalist courtiers collected around the Queen but Hudson apparently had no interest in resuming his role of pet or clown and let it be known he would suffer no more jokes or insults. We have no record of the precise offense offered, but in October, 1644, Hudson challenged the brother of William Crofts to a duel. Hudson chose pistols on horseback, and shot Crofts through the head. Crofts' death was a disaster for Hudson. Dueling had been outlawed in France and this could be considered a transgression against hospitality. Besides, Will Crofts was the Queen's Master of Horse and head of her lifeguard. She asked permission of the French to administer justice and expelled Hudson from her court.
[edit] Slavery and redemption, poverty and death
Hudson's movements after leaving her court in late 1644, aged 25 years, are unknown. Within months he was unlucky enough to be on a ship captured by the Barbary pirates. The Muslim corsairs raided the coasts and shipping of western Europe for plunder and slaves well into the 18th century. As was common with European captives, Hudson was taken to North Africa as a slave, where he spent perhaps his next 25 years laboring. The date and circumstances of his rescue or redemption are not known but it was in the 1660s that several missions were sent from England to Algeria and Tunis to ransom English captives, and his first documented presence back in England was in 1669.
No details of his captivity were recorded except one amazing fact: he claimed to have grown to 45 inches during this time, doubling his height after 30 years of age!
The few contemporary records of Hudson's years between 1669 and his death in 1682 consist of a few receipts for grants of money from the Duke of Buckingham and the new King. He did not return to the Queen's court, even after the royal Restoration in 1660 and her return at the invitation of her son, Charles II. She resided in London only 5 years, fleeing to France during the London plague of 1665. She died in France in 1669, the year Hudson first reappeared in English records.
Jeffrey Hudson lived in Oakham for several years, where he was interviewed and a brief record of his life made, by an antiquarian named James Wright. In 1676 Hudson returned to London, perhaps to seek a pension from the royal court. He had the misfortune of arriving at a time of turbulent anti-Catholic activity, and was imprisoned "for a considerable time" at the Gatehouse prison. Being a "Roman Catholick" was his only recorded offense, but he was not released until 1680. He died about two years later, but circumstances, place of burial, and even exact date are unknown.
[edit] A medical perspective
It is possible to deduce that Jeffrey Hudson must have been affected by congenital hypopituitarism, as few known conditions other than growth hormone deficiency result in such proportional extreme smallness. Although the surviving paintings of Hudson do not show the characteristic physiognomy so obvious in the photographs of Charles Stratton (Tom Thumb), it is not invariably present, and there is no hint of the disproportions or distorted physiognomies characteristic of nearly all of the skeletal dysplasias. Intelligence is often unaffected in growth hormone deficiency.
Furthermore, there are cases, albeit extremely rare, of apparent growth hormone deficiency in which growth has spontaneously resumed in the third or fourth decades of life. This is especially true when other anterior pituitary hormones, the gonadotropins, are deficient and spontaneous puberty does not occur at the usual time to bring epiphyseal closure and the completion of growth. In the skeletal dysplasias, pituitary function is unaffected, puberty occurs at the usual time, and growth is irreversibly complete by late adolescence.
One more inescapably typical feature of extreme growth failure is epitomized by Jeffrey Hudson's life and his tragic downfall. It is often a challenge for extremely short children and adults to find a valued role in society. It is not unusual for very small children to grow up in a mascot role, affectionately patronized. If they try to resist this, they may encounter resistance, rejection, teasing, or the disillusionment of recognizing that people were responding to their size and "cuteness" rather than to them as people. It is hard to imagine a more glorified or extreme mascot role than being the "Queen's dwarf." It brought Hudson elevation from his family and secured his place at the royal court, but when he tried to assert himself as a man rather than a "pet", it led to his duel and expulsion.
[edit] External link
[edit] References
- Page, Nick. Lord Minimus : The Extraordinary Life of Britain's Smallest Man (London: HarperCollins, 2002) ISBN 0-00-710412-X
