Massie Trial
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The Massie Affair was a famous murder trial that took place in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1932. Grace Hubbard Fortescue, along with several accomplices, was charged with manslaughter in the death of Joseph Kahahawai. She was the mother of Thalia Fortescue Massie, who had brought charges that Kahahawai was one of a group of men that had raped her.
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[edit] Background
Grace Hubbard Fortescue was granddaughter of Gardiner Greene Hubbard, the first president of the National Geographic Society. Her marriage to Major Granville "Rolly" Fortescue, one of the sons of Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, did not leave her as financially successful as she would have wished, but she nevertheless kept up appearances and raised her daughter Thalia as a member of the American high society. Thalia developed in a pampered atmosphere, expecting to be catered to.
Thalia Fortescue married Lieutenant Thomas Massie, an up-and-coming U.S. Naval officer who seemed to be able to offer Thalia the world. A lieutenant's pay proved not to be up to her expectations, and the two were soon at odds. In 1930 Massie was stationed to Pearl Harbor, where Thalia considered herself "above" the rest of the officers' wives and soon became an outcast. The marriage, apparently not terribly successful to start with, degenerated into heavy drinking and public fights.
Massie tired of his wife's behavior and decided to divorce her. Eventually he gave her an ultimatum—behave or he would go through with the divorce. On September 12, 1931 the couple attended a Navy event at the Ala Wai Inn, a Waikiki nightclub. Far from being well-behaved, Thalia had another run-in which ended with her slapping an officer and then storming out. Massie, not having witnessed the event, assumed she was tired and had gone home.
[edit] Alleged assault
He eventually tried to call her to make sure she had arrived safely—after several calls Thalia finally answered, clearly in a state of shock. Massie returned home and heard from Thalia that while walking home she had been assaulted and raped by several men. Massie immediately phoned the police, who arrived to take her statement. Initially she could not provide any details at all, stating that it was too dark to identify any of the men or to see any details of the car they emerged from. (Riccio (a faculty member at the Colorado State Patrol Academy; see the External Link below) asserts that two men got out of a car, grabbed Thalia, broke her jaw with one punch, dragged her into the rear seat of their car, and drove her to Ala Moana Park, where they raped her multiple times, despite her repeated pleas for her release and even offers of ransom. No other source corroborates this.)
Several hours later the story changed. Thalia now not only described the assailants as "locals", but managed to give the police a license plate number. Within hours the police arrested Horace Ida. Ida was not entirely surprised at first, as only a few hours earlier he had been involved in a near collision while driving his sister's car. Although there was no damage, an argument broke out with the other driver and one of his friends eventually slapped the woman. Upon his arrival at the police station, the charges with the altercation were never brought up—instead he found to his dismay that he was being charged with rape.
At first glance, the story seemed to hold water. Thalia's license plate was off by only one digit (or letter) and her description of the men, Ida and his friends, was fairly accurate. However, it later became known that the police taking Thalia's statement had in fact "told her" both pieces of information, apparently after hearing the name and description from the initial complaint filed by the woman driver.
Riccio offers the following account of the incident involving Horace Ida:
Horace Ida, a young Japanese man, had borrowed his sister's two year old car and had attended a luau accompanied by his pals Joe Kahahawai, Benny Ahakuelo, David Takai and Henry Chang. At about 12:30 A.M, Horace suggested they call it a night. He and his friends piled into the car and left the luau.
As the car passed through an intersection in downtown Honolulu, Horace barely missed colliding with an automobile coming from the opposite direction. There was no contact between the two cars, but both drivers stopped and everyone piled out to argue the fine points of Hawaiian motor vehicle law.
The occupants of the other car were a Mr. and Mrs. Peeples. Mrs. Peeples was voicing her opinion of Horace Ida's driving skills when Big Joe Kahahawai (all six feet and more of him) hauled off and punched her in the face. Mrs. Peeples was equal to the challenge. She gave as good as she got. She clenched her fist, wound up, and to Big Joe's surprise, slugged him in the mouth! The incident was about to become a donnybrook. However, cooler heads prevailed, and the Peeples drove off to the police station to report the incident.
At the station, the Peeples gave Horace Ida's license plate as 58-895, and the police put out an all points bulletin for the car and its occupants. At about the same time, the police learned of the rape in Ala Moana Park, so it was only natural that they would assume that the occupants of the Ida car were more than likely the perpetrators of the assault on Thalia Massie.
Horace Ida and his friends were eventually located through the car's license plate and were brought before Thalia at the police station. She was unable to identify Horace Ida, who was wearing a brown leather jacket when she saw him. When asked the license number of the assailants' car, she did not remember it, but she later heard the plate number 58-895 being broadcast at the police station.
The next day, under further questioning, Thalia's story began to change. She now "remembered" that one of her assailants had been wearing a brown leather jacket and the license plate of the assailants' car was 58-805 (only one digit was different from the number of Horace Ida's plate). To the police, the case against Horace Ida and his friends began to look stronger. The five men insisted they were not part of any assault on a lone white woman walking through the darkness of John Ena Road. They explained their movements on the night at length. But the police were not persuaded. The five young men were indicted and charged with rape and assault.
Given that the police had no information tying Ida to Thalia in any way, it might seem odd that they would pick him out of the blue as a scapegoat. This was due entirely to race. At the time the Hawaiian population consisted primarily of extremely rich US businessmen, US Navy personnel, and a huge number of working poor, mostly Japanese. Racism was a fact of life, notably for the Hawaiians who were often called "niggers". Racial tensions were already high due to the Navy's disquiet about white Navy wives dancing with the locals.
When the story broke the next day, no one was concerned about the truth. Rear Admiral Yates Stirling, Jr., Commandant of the US Navy's 14th Naval District (which included the islands), suggested that he simply collect up several Navy men, hunt down the group, and "string them up". In stories printed as the case developed, the local newspapers referred to the men as "thugs", "degenerates" and "fiends", while Thalia was described as "a white woman of refinement and culture".
As the case developed, cracks in the story immediately appeared. In order to have assaulted Thalia—an event so far unproven to have even occurred—it would have been extremely difficult to have then been involved in the near accident, across town. Witnesses soon came forward that reported seeing Thalia followed by a white man only minutes before the alleged assault took place. This information was never reported in the trial that was to follow, nor was the fact that the police planted information. The police themselves were split on the case—many of the detectives were locals who saw the case was a sham and when they were denied access in the courtroom, they started to talk directly to the press.
Again, to quote Judge Riccio:
While the good citizens of Honolulu waited for the trial to begin, rumors began to develop and spread through the city. There were those who whispered that Thalia had not been raped at all. It was said that she was having an illicit relationship with one of the five beach boy suspects, and that she was on her way to a rendezvous with him when she found him in the company of four drunken friends.
It was also speculated that Thalia was having an affair with one of Tommie's shipmates. When Tommie came home after the party, so the gossip went, he found his wife and his friend in flagrante delicto (as lawyers like to say when they mean "caught in the act") and it was Tommie who beat up his wife and broke her jaw.
(The above account might have formed the basis for the suggestion in the motion picture Blood & Orchids as to how Thalia came to be raped and badly beaten, if this did not occur at the hands of the five men she accused.)
Grace Fortescue, enraged by the stories and what she saw as an attempt to sully the name of her daughter and the family, arrived and started a public campaign to attack the defendants. The story threatened to ruin Hawaii's burgeoning tourism industry and Admiral Stirling was worried that if the story reached the mainland he would be made to look as if he did not have control of the situation. The two groups successfully managed to keep the story out of the mainland press while the trial continued. Yet they also pressed the courts for a quick and aggressive prosecution to placate an enraged Navy and local haole (white) community.
In court the case quickly fell apart. After a three-week trial and lengthy jury deliberation, the jurors declared themselves deadlocked and a mistrial was declared.
[edit] Kahahawai's murder
Grace Fortescue was not willing to wait for another trial and talked Thomas Massie into kidnapping Joseph Kahahawai with the help of two Navy friends. Kahahawai underwent "interrogation", as Fortescue, Massie and the two Navy men attempted to beat a confession out of him—eventually, one of the group of four shot Kahahawai.
Debating what to do, they eventually decided to dump Kahahawai's body off Koko Head. Although he would eventually be found, it seemed to them unlikely that anyone would care. They wrapped Kahahawai in a sheet and put him in Fortescue's rented car, pulling down the shades to hide the interior. A police motorcyclist, alerted to the kidnapping, saw the blinds and considered it suspicious. He pulled them over and immediately arrested all four for murder.
This time the story could no longer be kept under wraps. The mainland press soon started printing stories where "the roads go through jungles and in those remote places bands of degenerate natives lie in wait for white women driving by". The fact that the men had not been convicted of the alleged rape only proved to the mainland press that Hawaii itself was a hotbed of anti-white racial hatred, not that they were innocent. That Fortescue herself had actually admitted to the crime was insubstantial.
Clarence Darrow, perhaps the most famous lawyer of his era, had been ruined by the Great Depression and decided to take on the defense for the astonishing sum of $400,000. Unlike the Leopold and Loeb case where the press was incensed by a rumored $1 million fee (which was actually $100,000, split three ways), no one felt that his price was outrageous given the circumstances.
Throughout the trial, Thalia attempted to present herself as an innocent victim. This fell apart when the prosecutor, John Kelley, played on her feelings of superiority. This eventually led to her becoming enraged, ripping up a piece of evidence, and storming from the stand. Although this would seem to be a prosecution victory, the courtroom erupted in supportive applause from the spectators.
The jury, under extreme pressure similar to the Rodney King trial, nevertheless returned a verdict of manslaughter. Racial tensions were so high that everyone had expected another hung jury. The mainland press exploded with even more slanderous stories and the situation in Hawaii grew more tense. Martial Law was considered, notably by Admiral Stirling, who had considered imposing it from the start.
After a flurry of diplomatic maneuvering between Washington and Honolulu, martial law was avoided. Instead, Territorial Governor Lawrence Judd commuted the 10-year sentences of the convicted killers to one hour, to be served in his office. Days later the entire group, including the Massies, the two other Navy men, Fortescue and Darrow boarded a ship and left the island in turmoil. Thalia and Massie divorced in 1934; she died in 1963; he died in 1987. Grave Hubbard died in 1979.
[edit] Allusions to This Event in Popular Culture
In February 1986, CBS-TV aired a four-hour miniseries produced by Lorimar Productions titled Blood & Orchids, written for television by Norman Katkov, who based his teleplay on his own novel of the same title. Though Katkov said that he based his novel on the Massie Affair, his novel and teleplay bear only a superficial resemblance to actual fact. Katkov changed all the names of the principal characters and added other characters for whom no historical warrant can be found (most notably, Police Captain Curtis Maddox, supposedly the one conscientious law-enforcement officer who ever investigated the affair). Katkov's story also departs significantly from actual historical events in many ways, not least of which is making the murder of Kahahawai look like a crime of passion rather than the cold-blooded murder that it actually was--and also laying all the blame on Lieutenant Massie and not on Grace Fortescue, the true instigator of Kahahawai's murder.
[edit] A new look into the case
During the American Bar Association convention at the Hawai'i Convention Center in Honolulu, on August 3rd, 2006, Lt. Gov. James Aiona served as the judge at the mock trial, using a copy of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency report complied by the then Territorial Government and using 21st century forensic techniques, looked into the case once more. Lawyers attending the convention acted as the Jury.[1]
After testimony from two experts, and new arguments about the case, the lawyers voted with a unanimous "Not guilty" verdict for all four defendants.[2]
In an ironic historical twist, the current Hawaii Convention Center sits on the former Ala Wai Inn, where the infamous case first started.
[edit] References
- ^ American Bar Association 2006 Annual Meeting Hawaii Program Book .pdf Booklet Accessed August 21, 2006
- ^ Honolulu Advertiser MASSIE CASE MOCK TRIAL ENDS WITH 'NOT GUILTY' VERDICT Letters to the Editor, August 7, 2006
