Methylated spirit
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Methylated spirit (or Meths, also denatured alcohol or surgical spirit) is ethanol which has been rendered toxic or otherwise undrinkable, and in some cases dyed. It is used for purposes such as fuel for spirit burners and camping stoves, and as a solvent. Traditionally, the main additive was 10% methanol, which gave rise to its name, but this is not always the case now. There are diverse industrial uses for ethanol, and therefore literally hundreds of recipes for denaturing ethanol. Typical additives are methanol, isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, denatonium, and even (uncommonly) aviation gasoline.
As used in the phrase denatured alcohol, denatured means "a specific property of ethanol, its usefulness as a beverage, is removed". The ethanol molecule is not denatured in the sense that its chemical structure is altered.
There is no duty on methylated spirit in most countries, making it considerably cheaper than pure ethanol. Consequently, its composition is tightly defined by government regulations which vary between countries. Different additives are used to make it both unpalatable and poisonous in such a way that is hard to rectify through distillation or other simple processes. Methanol is commonly used for this in part because it has a boiling point close to that of ethanol, and separating it by distillation is more expensive than the taxes on beverage alcohol. In many countries, it is also required to be dyed blue or purple with an aniline dye, although in Australia and New Zealand fluorescein is used instead.
The Irish specification is typical. The following are added to ethanol to make it into methylated spirit:
- 9.5 % naphtha
- 0.5 % pyridine
- 0.025 ounce (0.709 grams) methyl violet dye per 100 gallons (378.5 litres) of ethanol
- 0.375 % petroleum oil
The naphtha and pyridine may be replaced with 10% methanol.
The regulations relating to denatured alcohol in the United States may be found at 27 CFR part 20.
The tax-exempt status for denatured alcohol dates from the mid-19th century. For instance the United Kingdom introduced legislation in 1855 to permit ethanol containing 10% wood-naphtha to be exempt.
Despite its poisonous nature, methylated spirit is sometimes drunk, alone, or mixed with other substances, by alcoholics who have become destitute. As such, there is an argument that the methanol or other poisonous component should be removed because it can cause death and blindness. It is also common to add a vomiting (emetic) agent, which serves a similar purpose without the fatal side-effects. Likewise, denatonium adds a bitter taste but will not kill.
It is not the methanol itself that is toxic, but the accumulation of its metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid. Because the metabolic pathways for ethanol and methanol share a common enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase, ethanol can be used to treat methanol poisoning by blocking the enzyme until the body can excrete enough methanol through the lungs and skin. (In a documented case, a shipworker poisoned while cleaning out a methanol tank was successfully treated with administration of a good portion of the liquor in the ship's "medicine chest.")
[edit] Uses
A common use is as a fuel for marine and ultra-light camping (backpacking) stoves. Its main advantages are low cost, the ability to be extinguished by water, it is not explosive, and requires no special containers for transport. However, safety concerns do arise from the near-colourless flame with which alcohol burns. In brightly-lit areas, an alcohol flame can be essentially invisible, creating a potential hazard wherein persons can be burned by contacting flames they cannot see.
One notable use is as a sanding aid, as the alcohol helps to more easily remove the excess sawdust that results from sanding wood, [1] because it does not open the wood grain the way that water would. Methylated spirits may also be used to kill mealybugs.
Methylated spirit is often also used for its solvent properties, for example to remove ink stains from upholstery or clothes.
When making jam, add one teaspoon of fruit pulp to three teaspoons of methylated spirit. If the mixture makes a good clot, then the jam has sufficient pectin to set properly. However, the dye in the methylated spirit can make it difficult to see whether or not you have a good clot.
