Naproxen

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Naproxen
Systematic (IUPAC) name
(+)-(S)-2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl) propanoic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	22204-53-1
ATC code	G02 CC02 M01 AE02, M02 AA12
PubChem	1302
DrugBank	APRD01135
Chemical data
Formula	C₁₄H₁₄O₃
Mol. weight	230.259 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	95% (oral)
Protein binding	99%
Metabolism	Hepatic (to 6-desmethylnaproxen)
Half life	12–15 hours
Excretion	Renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	C(AU) B(US)
Legal status	S2(AU) POM(UK) OTC(US) ℞-only(Ca)
Routes	Oral

Naproxen (INN) (IPA: [nəˈprɒksən]) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for the reduction of mild to moderate pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, injury (like fractures), menstrual cramps, tendonitis, bursitis, and the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Naproxen and naproxen sodium are marketed under various trade names including: Aleve, Anaprox, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Naprelan.

Naproxen was first marketed as the prescription drug Naprosyn in 1976 and naproxen sodium was first marketed under the trade name Anaprox in 1980. It remains a prescription-only drug in much of the world. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of naproxen sodium as an over-the-counter (OTC) drug in 1991, where OTC preparations are sold under the trade name Aleve. In Australia, small packets of lower-strength preparations of naproxen sodium are Schedule 2 Pharmacy Medicines.

[edit] Structure and details

Naproxen is a member of the 2-arylpropionic acid (profen) family of NSAIDs. It is an odorless, white to off-white crystalline substance. It is lipid-soluble, practically insoluble in water with a low pH (below pH 4), while freely soluble in water at 6 pH and above. Naproxen has a melting point of 153 °C.

[edit] Adverse effects and warnings

Like other NSAIDs, naproxen is capable of producing disturbances in the gastrointestinal tract. Taking the medication with food may help to alleviate this most commonly reported adverse effect.

Also like other NSAIDs, naproxen can inhibit the excretion of sodium and lithium. Extreme care must be taken by those who use this drug along with lithium supplements.

Naproxen is also not recommended for use with NSAIDs of the salicylate family (drugs may reduce each other's effects), nor with anticoagulants (may increase risk of bleeding).

Certain preparations of Naproxen are not recommended for use in patients with hypertension, as they contain sodium, worsening the effects of hypertension.

In August 2006, the journal Birth Defects Research Part B published results in the September issue indicating that pregnant women who take NSAIDs including Naproxen in the first trimester run an increased risk of having a child with congenital birth defects, particularly heart anomalies.

In December 2004, the FDA issued a press release following the decision by the National Institutes of Health to halt a five-year study, called the Alzheimer's Disease Anti-Inflammatory Prevention Trial. That study aimed to test both Aleve and Celebrex as preventives for Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary information from the study showed naproxen elevated the risk of heart attack and stroke by 50%.^{[citation needed]} The FDA advised patients taking over-the-counter naproxen products to:

carefully follow the instructions on the label,
avoid exceeding the recommended doses for naproxen (220 milligrams twice daily), and
take naproxen for no longer than ten days unless a physician directs otherwise.

[edit] External links

Analgesics (N02A, N02B) edit
Opioids:	Buprenorphine, Butorphanol, Codeine, Dextropropoxyphene, Dihydrocodeine, Fentanyl, Diamorphine (Heroin), Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Ketobemidone, Morphine, Nalbuphine, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, Pentazocine, Pethidine (Meperidine), Tramadol
Salicylic acid and derivatives: Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid), Diflunisal, Ethenzamide -- See also: NSAIDs
Pyrazolones:	Aminophenazone, Metamizole, Phenazone
Anilides:	Paracetamol (acetaminophen), Phenacetin
Others:	Ziconotide, Tetrahydrocannabinol