Oxy-fuel welding and cutting
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- "Oxyacetylene" redirects here. "Oxyacetylene" is also the title of a song performed by Cubanate.
Oxy-fuel welding of metal is commonly called oxyacetylene welding since acetylene is the predominant choice for a fuel, or often simply gas welding. In gas welding and cutting, the heat needed to melt the metal comes from a fuel gas burning with oxygen in a torch.
Oxy-fuel cutting of metal is a similar process, using a different type of gas torch, called a cutting torch. Here the metal is heated until it glows orange (around 1800°F), and then a lever on the torch is pressed to pass a stream of oxygen through the work-piece, to burn the steel away where the cut is desired. The iron-oxide product of this combustion process falls to the floor as a dust. Once the process is started properly, there should be no globs of melted steel under the work-piece. No melting should occur.
Some notes about word usage:-
- Sometimes a metal-cutting blowtorch is colloquially called a "gas-axe" or "smoke wrench" or "hot wrench".
- Colloquially, many people mistakenly call a welding torch a blowtorch.
- In the USA the word "blowtorch" is also used for what in Britain is called a blowlamp.
- And see blowtorch for more meanings of the word.
Torches that do not mix pure oxygen with the fuel inside the torch, but burn it with atmospheric air, are not oxy-fuel torches and can be identified by their single tank. (Oxy-fuel welding needs two tanks, fuel and oxygen.) Most metals cannot be melted with such single-tank torches, so they can only be used for soldering and brazing, not welding. See also Blowlamp.
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[edit] Apparatus
The apparatus used in gas welding consists basically of an oxygen source and a fuel gas source (usually cylinders), two pressure regulators and two flexible hoses (one of each for each cylinder), and a torch. This sort of torch can also be used for soldering and brazing. The cylinders are often carried in a special wheeled trolley.
There have been examples of oxyhydrogen cutting sets with small (scuba-sized) gas cylinders worn on the user's back in a backpack harness, for rescue work and similar.
There are also examples of pressurized liquid fuel cutting torches, usually using gasoline. These are used for their increased portability.
[edit] Welding torch
The torch is the part that the welder holds and manipulates to make the weld. It has two valves and two connections, one each for the fuel gas and the oxygen, a handle for the welder to grasp, a mixing chamber (set at an angle) where the fuel gas and oxygen mix, with a tip where the flame comes out.
[edit] Cutting torch
A cutting torch is used to cut metal. It is similar to a welding torch. The most common fuel used for cutting torches is acetylene. Oxygen is combined with the acetylene in the torch, which produces a high temperature flame. The differences between a cutting torch and a welding torch are:
- The mixing chamber with flame nozzle is more heavily built and set at 90°.
- There is a third tube from the torch valves to the mixing chamber. It carries high-pressure oxygen, controlled by a large trigger lever on the torch. For more information, see this page's section #Cutting.
[edit] Injector torch
In most torches the two gases merely mix: this is an equal-pressure torch: see diagram. But in some torches (called injector torches), inside the torch head the oxygen comes out of a small nozzle under pressure so that it drags the fuel gas along with it by the venturi effect: see diagram. See #propane for more information.
[edit] Regulator
The regulators are attached one each to the fuel source and to the oxygen source. The oxygen regulator is attached to the oxygen tank and drops the pressure from about 21000 kPa (3000 lbf/in² = 200 atmospheres) to a lower pressure for the torch. This pressure can be adjusted to suit the job at hand by turning a knob on the regulator, and can be set from 0 to about 700 to 1400 kPa (100 to 200 pounds/in² [psi]). Likewise the fuel regulator is attached to the fuel source and drops the pressure to a level for the torch to use. For acetylene this is 0 to 100 kPa (15 lb/in² [psi]).
Most regulators have two gauges: one indicates the cylinder pressure when the valve is opened; the other indicates the pressure of the gas coming out of the regulator when the regulator is opened. This is the delivery pressure of the gas, which must be set for the current job. The gauges are calibrated to read correctly at 70°F (21°C).
(Note that when a cylinder's pressure gauge says that the cylinder is empty, it actually contains gas equal to the surrounding atmosphere pressure.)
These regulators can be single-stage or double-stage. See Diving regulator#Constant flow for more information.
[edit] Single stage
A single-stage regulator mechanism consists of a nozzle that the gas passes through, a valve seat to close off the nozzle, a diaphragm, and balancing springs. These mechanisms are all enclosed in a suitable housing. Fuel-gas regulators and oxygen regulators are basically the same design, but fuel gas regulators (except for hydrogen) are not made to withstand the high pressures that oxygen regulators are subjected to.
In the oxygen regulator, the oxygen enters through the high-pressure inlet connection and passes through a glass wool filter that removes dust and dirt. Turning the adjusting screw in (clockwise) increases the oxygen flow.
The major disadvantage of single-stage regulators is that the working gas pressure you set will decrease as the cylinder pressure decreases; therefore, you must constantly monitor and reset the regulator if you need a fixed pressure and flow rate
[edit] Double stage
The double-stage regulator is similar in principle to the one-stage regulator. The main difference being that the total pressure drop takes place in two stages instead of one. In the high-pressure stage, the cylinder pressure is reduced to an intermediate pressure that was predetermined by the manufacturer. In the low-pressure stage, the pressure is again reduced from the intermediate pressure to the working pressure you have chosen.
[edit] Safety of regulators
Regulators are precise and complicated pieces of equipment. Carelessness can do more to ruin a regulator than any other gas-using equipment. One can easily damage a regulator by simply forgetting to wipe clean the cylinder, regulator, or hose connections. When you open a high-pressure cylinder, the gas can rush into the regulator at the speed of sound. If there is any dirt in the connections, it will be blasted into the precision-fitted valve seats, making them leak. This results in a condition known as creep, which occurs when the regulator is shut off but not the cylinder and gas pressure is still being delivered to the low-pressure side.
Oil or other petroleum products, or fat or oil of biological origin, must never be used around oxygen regulators because these products may cause a regulator explosion or a fire.
[edit] Gas hoses
The flexible hoses that connect from the regulators to the torch and carry the fuel gas and the oxygen must be strong, nonporous, light, and flexible enough to make torch movements easy. They must be made to withstand internal pressures that can reach as high as 100 psig. The rubber used to make these hoses is specially treated to remove the sulfur that could cause spontaneous combustion.
Welding hose is available in single-hose and double-hose lengths. Size is determined by the inside diameter, and the proper size to use depends on the type of work for which it is intended. Hose used for light work has a 3/16 or 1/4 inch inside diameter and one or two plies of fabric. For heavy-duty welding and cutting operations, use a hose with an inside diameter of 5/16 inch and three to five plies of fabric. Single hose is available in the standard sizes as well as 1/2-inch, 3/4-inch, and 1-inch sizes. These larger sizes are for heavy-duty heating and for use on large cutting machines. The most common type of cutting and welding hose is the twin or double hose which is the fuel hose and the oxygen hose joined together side by side by either a special rib or by clamps. Because they are joined, the hoses are less likely to become tangled and are easier to move from place to place.
The length of hose used is important. The delivery pressure at the torch varies with the length of the hose. A 20-foot 3/16-inch hose may be adequate for a job, but if the same hose was 50 feet long, the pressure drop would result in too little gas flow to the torch. Longer hoses must be wider inside to ensure the correct flow of gas to the torch.
The hoses used for fuel gas and oxygen are identical in construction, but they differ in color. The oxygen hose cover is green, and the fuel-gas hose cover is red. This color coding aids in the prevention of mishaps that could lead to dangerous accidents. The fuel gas connections have left-hand threads and the oxygen connectors have right-hand threads so that the two cannot be interchanged, to help to prevent accidents. The basic hose connection is a nut and gland. The nut has threads on the inside that match up with the male inlet and outlet on the torch and regulator. The gland slides inside the hose and is held in place by a crimped ferrule. The nut is loose and can be turned by hand or a wrench to tighten the threaded nut onto the equipment.
All connections for welding and cutting hoses have been standardized by the Compressed Gas Association. Letter grades A, B, C, D, and E plus the type of gas used correspond directly with the connections on the regulators. A, B, and C are the most common size connections. A-size is for low-flow rates; B-size for medium-flow rates; and C-size is for heavy-flow rates. D and E sizes are for large cutting and heating torches
[edit] Non-return valve
Between the regulator and hose, and ideally between hose and torch on both oxygen and fuel lines, a flashback arrestor and/or non-return valve should be installed to prevent flame or oxygen-fuel mixture being pushed back into either cylinder and damaging the equipment or making a cylinder explode.
The flashback arrestor (not to be confused with a check valve) prevents shockwaves from downstream coming back up the hoses and entering the cylinder (possibly rupturing it), as there are quantities of fuel/oxygen mixtures inside parts of the equipment (specifically within the mixer and blowpipe/nozzle) that may explode if the equipment is incorrectly shut down; and acetylene decomposes at excessive pressures or temperatures. The flashback arrestor will remain switched off until someone resets it, in case the pressure wave created a leak downstream of the arrestor.
[edit] Check valve
A check valve lets gas flow in one direction only. Do not confuse it with a flashback arrestor, as check valves are not designed to block a shockwave: the pressure wave could occur while the ball is so far from the inlet that the pressure wave gets past before the ball reaches its off position. A check valve is usually a chamber containing a ball that is pressed against one end by a spring: gas flow one way pushes the ball out of the way, and no flow or flow the other way lets the spring push the ball into the inlet, blocking it.
[edit] Fuels
The most commonly used fuel gas is acetylene. Other gases used are propylene, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), propane, natural gas, hydrogen, and MAPP gas.
Acetylene and gases that liquefy under cylinder pressure should only be used where it can be relied on that the gas cylinder containing it which is in use will always be vertical with its valve on top.
It should be noted that there is not a single gas called "oxyacetylene"; that misconception is sometimes found among the unknowledgeable.
[edit] Acetylene
Acetylene is the fuel first used for oxy-fuel welding and remains the fuel of choice for repair work and general cutting and welding. Acetylene gas is shipped in special cylinders designed to keep the gas dissolved. The cylinders are packed with various porous materials (e.g. kapok fibre, diatomaceous earth, or, formerly, asbestos), then filled about half way with acetone. The acetylene dissolves into the acetone. This method is necessary because above 207 kPa (30 lbf/in²) acetylene is unstable and may explode. There is about 1700 kPa (250 lbf/in²) of pressure in the tank when full. Acetylene when burned with oxygen gives a temperature of 3200 °C to 3500 °C (5800 °F to 6300 °F), which is the highest temperature of any of the commonly used gaseous fuels. Its main disadvantage is its comparatively high cost.
How acetylene is made is described at Acetylene#Preparation.
As acetylene is unstable at a pressure equivalent to being roughly 33 feet = 10 meters underwater, underwater cutting and welding must use hydrogen instead of acetylene.
[edit] Hydrogen
Hydrogen has a clean flame and is good for use on aluminium. It can be used at a higher pressure than acetylene and is therefore useful for underwater welding and cutting. For small torches, the hydrogen and oxygen used are often produced by electrolysis of water in an apparatus which is connected directly to the torch. It is a good type of flame to use, when heating a lot of material. The flame temperature is also high, about 2,000 celsius in air.
[edit] Propane
Propane does not burn as hot as acetylene in its inner cone, and so cannot be used for welding. Propane, however, has a very high number of BTUs per cubic feet in its outer cone, and so with the right torch (injector style) can make a faster and cleaner cut than acetylene, and is much more useful for heating and bending than acetylene.
Propane is cheaper than acetylene and easier to transport.
Like propylene, most propane tips are of a two piece design. Propane often gets unfair criticism because it really needs changing your torch (from an equal pressure torch to an injector torch) and not just changing your tip to get the best performance. Most torches are equal pressure and designed for gases such as acetylene which are lighter than oxygen. Propane is a great deal heavier and runs much better through a low-pressure injector torch with a setting from a few ounces to about two pounds per square inch when cutting.
[edit] Propylene
Propylene is used in production welding and cutting. It cuts faster and cleaner than propane. When propylene is used, the torch rarely needs tip cleaning.
[edit] MAPP gas
MAPP gas is a registered product of the Dow Chemical Company. It is liquefied petroleum gas mixed with methylacetylene-propadiene. It has the storage and shipping characteristics of LPG and has a heat value a little less than acetylene. Because it can be shipped in small containers for sale at retail stores, it is used by hobbyists. Other welding gases that develop comparable temperatures require special procedures for safe shipping and handling.
[edit] The role of oxygen
Oxygen is not the fuel: It is what chemically combines with the fuel to produce the heat for welding. This is called 'oxidation', but the more general and more commonly used term is 'combustion'. In the case of hydrogen, the product of combustion is simply water. For the other hydrocarbon fuels, water and carbon dioxide are produced. The heat is released because the molecules of the products of combustion have a lower energy state than the molecules of the fuel and oxygen.
The word "oxygen" is often shorted to 'oxy', as in the term 'oxy-acetylene torch'.
The user must avoid any careless colloquial tendency to refer to oxygen as "air".
Oxygen is usually produced elsewhere by distillation of liquified air and shipped to the welding site in high pressure vessels (commonly called "tanks" or "cylinders") at a pressure of about 21000 kPa (3000 lbf/in² = 200 atmospheres). It is also shipped as a liquid in Dewar type vessels (like a large Thermos jar) to places that use large amounts of oxygen.
It is also possible to separate oxygen from air by passing the air, while under pressure, through a zeolite sieve which selectively absorbs the nitrogen and lets the oxygen (and argon) pass. This gives a purity of oxygen of about 93%. This works well for brazing.
[edit] Learning to operate an oxyacetylene torch
If you have not been trained in oxyacetylene welding or brazing, get help and advice from a knowledgeable person or enroll in a community college course. Oxyacetylene welding is not difficult, but there are a good number of subtle points that should be learned such as: do not use more than 1/7 the capacity of the cylinder per hour. The material below highlights many of the important points, but should be supplemented by personal instruction and a good welding textbook.
[edit] Safety
Know how to contact emergency services at whatever site you are working. Welding is a practical and satisfying art; however, oxyacetylene welding can be dangerous. Severe and fatal burns and violent building-destroying explosions can result from inattention and carelessness. Familiarize yourself with safety procedures and weld safely!
Before using an oxyacetylene set, ensure that flammable materials such as grease, oil, paint, sawdust, etc are cleared from the area and workpieces. Oil and grease can spontaneously ignite and burn violently in the presence of pure oxygen. For this reason it is important to wear clean clothing (preferably a boilersuit) free from oil and grease.
Wear shaded goggles with enclosed sides, or a shield with a shaded lens to protect your eyes from glare and flying sparks and splatter. Sunglasses are not adequate. Wear leather gloves to help protect your hands from burns. Wear clothes and shoes/boots appropriate for welding; the boots should have steel toecaps because of the risk from dropped objects.
[edit] Acetylene leakage
The fluxes and filler rods and base metals heated during welding and brazing all release toxic fumes, and acetylene gas is highly explosive, so ensure adequate ventilation before welding. Acetylene is often described as having a sweet garlic-like smell. If you can smell it in the air and do not know where it is coming from, evacuate the area immediately. Call the fire department from a phone outside of the area, as a phone can start a fire or explosion in vapours.
Detecting no smell does not mean that no gas is escaping. The gas may not be reaching your nose, or your sense of smell may have been dulled by a nose infection or smoking.
[edit] Other gas hazards
In confined spaces, respirator masks designed for welding can be used. For the home welder, an outdoor area is probably the most practical, though the weld site should be protected from winds as wind will disperse the heat of the flame. Never weld on containers that have previously contained toxic or flammable substances. Do not weld inside enclosed spaces or in tanks where the only ventilation comes from above - you might suffocate. Some fuel gases have an anaesthetic-type effect when breathed.
[edit] Hazard from hot flying droplets
Leather gloves with long cuffs, and heavy work boots (preferably with steel toecaps) are recommended. Do not wear trainers or sneakers or running shoes, as falling or flying droplets and bits of hot metal will instantly burn through them and continue burning through the operator's foot. Long trousers and shirt sleeves should be worn, or preferably a boilersuit. Do not roll up sleeves or trouser legs, as the rolled cuffs could catch sparks. Leather aprons and flameproof jackets can be used to protect the operator. Many operators use a welding cap, or a baseball cap put on backwards, to stop sparks from lodging in hair or going down the neck of the shirt.
[edit] Hazard from flame glare
Eye protection is necessary. Although gas welding does not generate the same intensity of ultraviolet light as arc welding, UV light is produced. In fact a pure Hydrogen flame radiates completely in the UV band of the spectrum. In addition to UV, sparks and infra-red radiation are still very dangerous, potentially causing burns and foreign body injuries. Safety gear such as shaded enclosed protective goggles should be adjusted before lighting. For brazing and light welding, "shade 5" goggles can be used. Note, gas welding goggles and arc welding masks are not the same! Sunglasses are not suitable as they generally do not protect around the sides as well as not being dark enough.
[edit] Fire risks
Before using an oxyacetylene setup, ensure that a fire extinguisher in good working order is present. Water does not work on oil and grease fires, but a bucket of water can be handy for putting out small wood fires and quenching parts. A wet cloth can also be used to extinguish a flame on a hose or fitting. Sand can also be used to put out fires. It is also generally handy to have at least one pair of heavy pliers around for moving hot things if necessary. Be sure your workspace is well organized before starting. Have tools laid out where they can be easily reached and make sure there is nothing that you can trip up on. A fireproof surface should be used for welding. Steel table tops and firebricks are commonly used. Avoid distractions such as trying to have a conversation or listen to a radio sports commentary as you work.
Do not use pressurized oxygen for blowing dirt out or cleaning clothing. The oxygen can saturate the material making it eight times more flammable!
[edit] Safety with cylinders
When using fuel and oxygen tanks they should be fastened securely upright to a wall or a post or a portable cart. An oxygen tank is especially dangerous for the reason that the oxygen is at a pressure of 21 MPa (3000 lbf/in² = 200 atmospheres) when full, and if the tank falls over and its valve strikes something and is knocked off, the tank will become an extremely deadly flying missile propelled by the compressed oxygen. For this reason, never move an oxygen tank around without its valve cap screwed in place.
On your oxyacetylene torch system there will be three types of valves, the tank valve, the regulator valve, and the torch valve. There will be one of them for each gas. The gas in the tanks or cylinders is at high pressure. Oxygen cylinders are generally filled to something like 2200 psi. The regulator converts the high pressure gas to a low pressure stream suitable for welding. Never attempt to directly use high-pressure gas.
Never lay an acetylene tank on its side while being used. An acetylene tank contains acetone in which the acetylene is dissolved. If the tank was laid down while being transported, it must be set upright, valve on top, and given enough time (>30 min) for the acetone to settle back into the sorbent. If these precautions are not followed, acetone may be drawn into the gas lines, thus creating a space in the top of the acetylene tank devoid of sorbent (kapok, bunting, or acetone). If this void space becomes large enough, the gaseous acetylene in the void may explosively decompose inside the tank causing damage to life and/or property.
Never lay a propane or other liquefied gas tank on its side while being used, as in the tank the gas is liquefied by pressure, and this liquid would start to come out through the valve. If it was laid down while being transported, it must be set upright, valve on top. If an oxygen or hydrogen cylinder is laid on its side, secure it so that it cannot roll around.
[edit] Setting up the equipment
Read the safety considerations.
Reread the safety considerations.
Remove the oxygen cylinder's valve cap. With the valve opening pointed away from the welder, open the valve slightly for just a moment and then close it. This serves two purposes:-
- It blows out any dirt or dust that may have settled in the valve. This dirt would otherwise end up in the regulator and shorten its life and accuracy.
- When a tank is filled, workmen have a tendency to tighten the valve securely to make certain it is closed completely. It is better to break it loose now than when the regulator is in place.
Attach the oxygen regulator and tighten the nut. Never use pliers, as the pliers will soon damage the brass nut; always use a wrench/spanner. Also, welders tend to overtighten the nut. If the connection is not leaking, then the nut is tight enough. If a great amount of torque is needed to stop it leaking, or if it will not stop leaking despite any amount of tightening, then there is something wrong with the nut or the gasket or the valve.
Attach the fuel regulator to the fuel tank in the same manner. The nut on the fuel regulator usually has a left-hand thread.
Attach the flexible hoses from the regulators to the torch. The oxygen hose is usually colored blue (green in the USA) and the fuel hose red. The fuel hose has left-hand threaded connectors at both ends and the oxygen hose has right-hand threaded connectors.
Ensure that the hoses are untangled and kept well clear of the flame. It is a good practice to quickly check the hoses for cracks and abrasion before use. Generally, tanks are set up behind the welding area and the hoses run backwards away from the weld site to minimize chances of sparks hitting hoses.
Make sure that the regulator valves are turned all the way out and that all the valves on the torch are closed.
Screw out the knobs on the regulators until loose (0 setting).
Make sure the valves are easily accessible in case emergency shutdown is necessary.
Open the valves on the fuel and oxygen tanks, slowly to minimize the impact of unleashing highly compressed gases on the regulators. Do not stand directly in front of the regulator gauges, as malfunctioning gauges can blow glass and bits outwards. Open the oxygen valve slightly and then wait while the high-pressure gauge on the regulator stops rising. Then open the valve fully, until it stops turning. This is a backstop valve. Turning the valve all the way out prevents leakage through the packing of the valve.
Open the fuel valve also.
- Only open an acetylene valve one quarter turn. This helps prevent the acetylene from being drawn off too quickly. If acetylene 'bubbles' too rapidly from the acetone, it might become unstable.
- Open the valve on a LPG tank out completely as on an oxygen tank and for the same reasons.
If the setup has not been used in a while, you may wish to check for leaks. With the torch valves closed and the regulators open, shut off the tank valves and observe the line pressure for several minutes. If the pressure falls, there is a leak in the system. Bubble solution can be used to test connections for leaks. Never use a setup with a leak! If there are any leaks in the connections or regulators or torch, or any other faults with the equipment, there is a safety hazard and the equipment should not be used.
Never oil an oxygen regulator. It will cause a fire or explosion: solid brass regulators can be blown apart from the force. Keep oxygen away from all combustibles.
It is recommended that you purge the gas hoses before use to ensure that no oxygen is in the acetylene line and vice versa. Ensure that you have adequate ventilation to get rid of the gases which wil be blown out of the hoses. For a 20-foot hose, open the torch's acetylene valve for 5 seconds to let any oxygen be blown out of the acetylene hose. For a longer hose, consult a welding reference. Close the torch valve and repeat for the other hose.
Turn both regulator valves inwards until you reach the desired pressure.
- For welding with a smaller tip (size 0), use 5 psi for the oxygen and 5 psi for the acetylene. For other tips consult a welding reference. For larger tips it is important to make sure that you do not draw more than 1/7 capacity of the acetylene tank per hour.
- For cutting, use 15 psi for the oxygen and 2 psi for the acetylene. NOTE: DO NOT SET THE ACETYLENE REGULATOR VALVE HIGHER THAN 15PSI (103 kPa)!: if you do, the acetylene can explosively decompose into carbon and hydrogen gas all by itself.
Open the acetylene torch valve a very small amount (1/4 turn) and light with a spark lighter.
Once the flame is lit, open the acetylene valve just until the flame stops smoking. With a normal-sized torch you should get a flame about 8 inches long with a toothy splintering end.
Now open the oxygen torch valve until the flame loses its feather around its inner core, but no farther than this amount. This is called a "neutral" flame, where the oxygen and the fuel gas completely consume each other and the burnt gases do not chemically alter the metal to be welded or brazed. An oxidising flame has an excess of oxygen. A reducing flame has an excess of fuel (carbon). An oxidising flame is used for cutting. A reducing flame is used for annealing e.g. to soften steel sheet metal.
[edit] Sorts of flame
An acetylene flame (as is characteristic of most fuel/oxygen flames) has two parts; the light blue to white colored inner cone and the blue colored outer cone. The inner cone is where the acetylene and the oxygen combine. The tip of this inner cone is the hottest part of the flame. In the inner cone the acetylene breaks down and partly burns to hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which in the outer cone combine with more oxygen from the surrounding air and burn.
A neutral flame has a well-defined inner cone. A reducing flame has a feathery inner cone. An oxidising flame has a smaller inner cone that is sharply defined and is pale blue. The welder observes this while adjusting the fuel and oxygen valves on the torch to get the correct balance for the job at hand. There is also a difference in the noise the flame makes. Adjusting the flame is not a hard thing to do after a little experience and practice.
The size of the flame can be adjusted to a limited extent by the valves on the torch and by the regulator settings, but in the main it depends on the size of the orifice in the tip. In fact, the tip should be chosen first according to the job at hand, and then the regulators set accordingly.
[edit] Welding
The flame is applied to the base metal and held until a small puddle of molten metal is formed. The puddle is moved along the path where the weld bead is desired. Usually, more metal is added to the puddle as it is moved along by means of dripping metal from a wire ("welding rod" or "filler rod") into the molten metal puddle. The force of the jet of flame issuing from the torch tip helps to manipulate the puddle. The amount of heat can be controlled by the distance of the flame from the metal, as well as the gas flow rate and nozzle size selected. There should be a bright incandescent spot on the molten puddle. When the puddle is correctly maintained, a sound weld will result.
[edit] Cutting
For cutting, the set-up is a little different. A cutting torch has a 90-degree angled head with six orifices placed around a central jet. The six outer jets are for oxygen and acetylene (oxy-propane devices use an array of many jets) and the central jet carries only oxygen.
The flame isn't intended to melt the metal, but to bring it to its ignition temperature.
The torch's trigger blows extra oxygen at high pressure down the torch's third tube out of the central jet into the workpiece, causing the metal to burn and blowing the resulting molten oxide through to the other side and off the workpiece completely. The ideal cut is a narrow gap with a sharp edge on either side of the workpiece; overheating the workpiece and thus melting through it causes a rounded edge.
Cutting is initiated by heating the edge of the steel to melting point using the six pre-heat jets only, then using the separate cutting oxygen valve to release the oxygen from the central jet. The steel is instantly oxidized into molten iron oxide, producing the cut. It is worth noting several things at this point:-
- The oxygen flowrate is critical — too little will make a slow ragged cut; too much will waste oxygen and produce a wide concave cut. Many torches do not have a separate pressure control for the cutting oxygen, so the cutting oxygen pressure must be controlled using the oxygen regulator. Typically for cutting the oxygen pressure from the regulator will be set higher than for welding.
- The oxidation of iron by this method is highly exothermic. Once started, steel can be cut at a surprising rate, far faster than if it was merely melted through. At this point, the pre-heat jets are there purely for assistance. The rise in temperature will be obvious by the intense glare from the ejected material, even through proper goggles (which, typically, should be darker than goggles used for welding). (A thermic lance is a tool which also uses rapid oxidation of iron to cut through almost any material.)
- Since the melted metal is blown out of the workpiece, there must be room on the opposite side of the workpiece for the spray to exit. When possible, pieces of metal are cut on a grate that lets the melted metal fall freely to the ground. The same equipment can be used for oxyacetylene blowtorches and welding torches, by exchanging the part of the torch in front of the torch valves.
For a basic oxy-acetylene rig, the cutting speed in light steel section will usually be nearly twice as fast as a petrol-driven cut-off grinder. The advantages when cutting large sections are obvious - an oxy-fuel torch is light, small and quiet and needs very little effort to use, whereas a cut-off grinder is heavy and noisy and needs considerable operator exertion and may vibrate severely, leading to stiff hands and possible long-term repetitive strain injury.
Robotic oxy-fuel cutters sometimes use a high-speed divergent nozzle. This uses an oxygen jet that opens slightly along its passage. This allows the compressed oxygen to expand as it leaves, forming a high-velocity jet that spreads less than a parallel-bore nozzle, allowing a cleaner cut. These are not used for cutting by hand since they need very accurate positioning above the work. Their ability to produce almost any shape from large steel plates gives them a secure future in shipbuilding and in many other industries.
Oxy-propane torches are usually used for cutting up scrap for reasons of economy, as LPG is far cheaper joule-for-joule than acetylene, although propane does not produce acetylene's very neat cut profile. Propane also finds a place in production, for cutting very large sections.
[edit] Shutting down
To shut down the torch:-
- Close the acetylene (or other fuel gas) torch valve first, then the oxygen valve. (Switching the oxygen off first may cause a 'pop' (i.e. a very slight gas explosion in the torch head), due to the torch head below the valves being left full of acetylene, which will mix with surrounding air coming in through the nozzle: the pop throws carbon soot back into the torch, and that soot may partially plug the gas passages.)
- Close both the cylinder valves.
- When the torch nozzle has cooled enough not to re-light the flame, turn on the torch valves again, one at a time (acetylene first), to bleed any remaining pressure in the hoses, then close the torch valves again.
- Turn the regulator valves counterclockwise until there is no resistance on the adjusting screws, and they turn freely.
- Coil up lead and torch neatly and carefully onto cart, and put away cart.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- More on oxyacetylene
- Oxygen fuel gas welding procedures
- http://www.weldinghistory.org/history/welding/index.html
- http://www.welding.com/history_of_welding.shtml
- An e-book about oxy-gas cutting and welding
- http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1465099
[edit] References
- Modern Welding by Althouse, Turnquist, and Bowditch. The Goodheart-Willcox Co. 1970
- The Welding Encyclopedia, The Welding Engineer staff, ninth ed. 1938
 Metalworking
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| Welding | |
| Arc welding: Shielded metal (MMA) | Gas metal (MIG) | Flux-cored | Submerged | Gas tungsten (TIG) | Plasma | |
| Other processes: Oxyfuel | Resistance | Spot | Forge | Ultrasonic | Electron beam | Laser beam | |
| Equipment: Power supply | Electrode | Filler metal | Shielding gas | Robot | |
| Related: Heat-affected zone | Weldability | Residual stress | Arc eye | Underwater welding | |
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See also: Brazing | Soldering | Metalworking | Fabrication | Casting | Machining | Metallurgy | Jewelry |
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