Philosopher's stone

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For the Harry Potter novel, see Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone

For information on the stone in Fullmetal Alchemist, see Philosopher's stone (Fullmetal Alchemist)

See also the episode, The Philosopher's Stone (Fullmetal Alchemist episode).

The philosopher's stone, in Latin philosophi lapis, is a legendary substance that supposedly could turn inexpensive metals such as lead into gold ("chrysopoeia") and/or create an elixir that would make humans younger, thus delaying death. It was a longtime "holy grail" of Western alchemy. In the view of spiritual alchemy, making the philosopher's stone would bring enlightenment upon the maker and conclude the Great Work. It is also known by several other names, such as the 'Golden Wedding Garment', the 'Soul body', the 'Astral body' and the 'Living Stone', spoken of in some of the ancient philosophies as the 'Diamond Soul' ^[1].

1 In alchemy
- 1.1 Transmutation of metals
2 In art and entertainment
3 References
4 See also

[edit] In alchemy

[edit] Transmutation of metals

Alchemy itself is mostly an original concept and science practiced by the ancient Egyptians. However the concepts of more easily transmutating one metal into a more precious one (silver or Gold) and ensuring youthful health apparently originated in China and from the theories of the 8th century alchemist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, latinized as `Geber'. He analyzed each Aristotelian element in terms of the four basic qualities of hotness, coldness, dryness, and moistness. Fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. He further theorized that every metal was a combination of these four principles, two of them interior and two exterior.

From this premise, it was reasoned that the transmutation of one metal into another could be effected by the rearrangement of its basic qualities. This change would presumably be mediated by a substance, which came to be called al-iksir in Arabic (from which comes the Western term "elixir"). It is often considered to exist as a dry red powder made from a legendary stone — the "philosopher's stone".^{[citation needed]} The stone was believed to have been composed of a substance called carmot.

Jabir's theory and the concept of the philosopher's stone may have been inspired by the knowledge that metals like gold and silver could be hidden in alloys and ores, from which they could be recovered by the appropriate chemical treatment. Jabir himself is believed to be the inventor of aqua regia, a mixture of muriatic (hydrochloric) and nitric acids, one of the few substances that can dissolve gold (and which is still often used for gold recovery and purification).

[edit] In art and entertainment

The Philosopher's Stone has been subject, inspiration, or plot feature of innumerable artistic works — novels, comics stories, movies, animations, and even musical compositions. It is also a popular item in many video games. The following is a very incomplete list.

[edit] Literature

The Philosopher's Stone (1789), by Christoph Martin Wieland.^[2] German fairy tale.
Hinzelmeier (1857), by Theodor Storm.^[2] Romantic style German fairy tale.
Philosopher's Stone (1859), by Hans Christian Andersen.
The Trumpeter of Krakow (1928), by Eric P. Kelly.
One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), by Gabriel García Márquez.
The Philosopher's Stone (Colin Wilson book) (1971), by C. H. Wilson.
The Ogre Downstairs (1974), by Diana Wynne Jones.
The Alchemist (1988), by Paulo Coelho.
Foucault's Pendulum (1988), by Umberto Eco, where a character claims that the Stone is actually the Holy Grail.
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (1997), by J. K. Rowling.
The Baroque Cycle trilogy (2003–2004), by Neal Stephenson, where it is used to explain an unusually dense gold sample.
Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone (1995), by Max McCoy.
Many Dimensions, by Charles Williams.
Babylon Rising Book 2: The Secret on Ararat, by Tim LaHaye. This 2004 novel suggests that the "stone" is really an alchemy process, and that the instructions lie within Noah's Ark.
The Red Lion 1946, by Maria Szepes Hungary. Story of a mans journey through four centuries of lifetimes after acquiring the Philosopher's stone.
The Eight, by Katherine Neville.

[edit] Comics, movies and animations

The Fabulous Philosopher's Stone (1945), a Donald Duck story by Carl Barks.
The Flash, a DC Comics' series, where Doctor Alchemy uses the Stone to transmute elements.
The Philosopher's Stone (1958) by Satyajit Ray.
Slayers (1995), a Japanese manga and anime.
The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (1996), episode where a modern alchemist forces the Quest family to join in his experimentation with the Philosopher's stone.
Alexander Senki (1997), English title Reign: The Conqueror, where the stone is also called "Platohedron".
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001); retitled Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the US.
A Knight of Shadows, an episode of the Justice League TV series.
Hagane no renkinjutsushi (2003-2006), English title Fullmetal Alchemist, a manga, anime, and video game series. The young Elric brothers travel the land to seek out the Philosopher's Stone so that they may undo the damage on their bodies caused by their own mishandled use of alchemy.
Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX (2004), an anime where the character Lyman Banner seeks to create the Stone.
In the Lupin III movie The Mystery of Mamo, the title villain cons Lupin into stealing the stone from a pyramid in Egypt in order to gain the secret to eternal life.

[edit] Music

The concept-album Grand Materia (2005) by the Swedish metal-band Morgana Lefay is about Nicholas Flamel and his life and how he made the Philosopher's Stone.
"Philosopher Stone" is a Van Morrison song found on Back On Top.
"Philosopher's Stone" is an indie-rock band based in Northern Kentucky (pstone.net).
The American progressive metal band Tool refer to the Philosopher's Stone on their 2001 album "Lateralus" on the opening track "The Grudge":

"Give away the stone. Let the oceans take and transmutate this cold and fated anchor. Give away the stone. Let the waters kiss and transmutate these leaden grudges into gold."

[edit] Video and computer games

In Lifeline (video game), a stone based on the Philosopher's Stone was created by a scientist on board the Space Hotel which the game is set.
In Castlevania: Lament of Innocence, it is related to the Ebony Stone and the Crimson Stone.
In Devil May Cry, it is a key required to enter the underworld.
In Dragon Quest (a.k.a. Dragon Warrior) the Philosopher's Stone (or "Sages' Stone") restores the player's points.
In Earthbound, the Philosopher's Stone most likely is the 'rock' on-stage in the Stoic Club of Summers, which is why the patrons of the aforementioned establishment were seen philosophizing though this fact has little to do with the 'true' Philosopher's Stone.
In Embodiment of Scarlet Devil and Immaterial and Missing Power, "Philosopher's Stone" is one of Patchouli Knowledge's spell cards.
In Golden Sun, it is called "Stone of Sages".
In Shadow of Destiny, it is the source of the Homunculus.
In Star Ocean: Till the End of Time, it is used to recruit Ansala, a highly skilled alchemist.
In Valkyrie Profile the Stone is called "the ten-billion-page codex."
In World of Warcraft it is used to transmute metals.
In Tomb Raider: Chronicles in one part Lara is on a quest to recover the famed Philosopher's Stone.
In Zork Nemesis
In Might and Magic 7;8, it is a catalyst (power 75) used to ameliorate potions
In Animamundi: Dark Alchemist, the Philosopher's Stone is a goal that the main character and several others seek in a quest for the Elixir of Immortality,
In Final Fantasy XI it is used in item synthesis.

Also, a "philosopher's stone" (together with a "jewel-encrusted golden sword") were promised as grand prizes in contests connected to the Atari Swordquest Airworld video game. However, both the game and the contest were cancelled when Atari was sold to Jack Tramiel.