Politics of Croatia
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Politics of Croatia takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Croatia is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the Croatian Parliament (Sabor). The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. It adopted its current constitution on December 22, 1990, and declared independence from Yugoslavia on June 25, 1991.
Amendments to the Constitution have happened four times:
- December 15, 1997 -- additional minority rights and verbiage changes
- September 11, 2000 -- changed from a semi-presidential to a parliamentary system; the parliament was renamed its historic name of Hrvatski sabor
- March 28, 2001 -- Chamber of Counties abolished, the Parliament becomes unicameral
- June 15, 2001 -- administrivia
Contents |
[edit] Executive branch
| Main office holders | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
| President | Stjepan Mesić | HNS | 18 February 2000 |
| Prime Minister | Ivo Sanader | HDZ | 23 December 2003 |
| Other government parties | HSLS, HSU, SDSS | ||
The main executive power of Croatian state is the government (in Croatian: "vlada"), presided by the Prime Minister. The government ministers (the cabinet) are appointed by the prime minister with the consent of the Parliament. The prime minister is the head of government, appointed by the President with the consent of the Parliament who takes his duty when Parliament gives its consent by absolute majority of all representatives.
Current government: Prime Minister: Ivo Sanader (since December 23, 2003);
Deputy Prime Ministers: Jadranka Kosor (since December 23, 2003), Damir Polančec (since February 2005).
Government ministers are all from Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ).
The President of the Republic of Croatia is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. A president may not serve more than two terms. The president has limited executive powers, he is still commander-of-chief of the armed forces, he cooperates in formulation and execution of the foreign policy and the national security policy, represents Croatia home and abroad, convenes Parliament and can bring issues at Government. The main duty of the President is that he is granted power to issue decrees with the force of law during war time.
See http://www.predsjednik.hr/
[edit] Legislative Branch
The Croatian legislature is the Hrvatski Sabor. The Assembly is unicameral, between 100 and 160 members, exact number was decided by the legislature - elected for a four year term, 140 members in multi-seat constituencies, up to 6 members chosen by proportional representation to represent Croatians residing abroad and 5 members of ethnic and national communities or minorities.
The Chamber of Counties or Županijski Dom used to be composed of three deputies from each of the 21 counties (županije). However, as it had no practical power over the Chamber of Representatives, in 2001, the Chamber was abolished and whatever powers it had were transferred directly to the county governments.
The Sabor meets in public sessions in two periods: January 15 to June 30, and September 15 to December 15. Extra sessions can be called by the President of the Republic, by the President of the Parliament or by Government. The powers of the legislature include enactment and amendment of the constitution; passage of laws; adoption of the state budget; declarations of war and peace; alteration of the boundaries of the Republic; calling referenda; carrying out elections, appointments, and relief of office; supervising the work of the Government of Croatia and other holders of public powers responsible to the Sabor; and granting amnesty.
Decisions are made based on a majority vote if more than half of the Chamber is present, except in cases of national rights and constitutional issues.
The last parliamentary elections were held November 23, 2003.
[edit] Political parties and elections
- The following election results include names of political parties. See for additional information about parties the List of political parties in Croatia. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Croatia.
| Candidates and nominating parties | Votes | % | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stjepan Mesić - Croatian People's Party and others | 1,089,398 | 48.92 | 1,454,451 | 65.93 |
| Jadranka Kosor - Croatian Democratic Community | 452,218 | 20,31 | 751,692 | 34.07 |
| Boris Mikšić | 396,093 | 17.78 | - | - |
| Đurđa Adlešić - Croatian Social Liberal Party | 59,795 | 2.68 | - | - |
| Slaven Letica - Croatian Party of Rights | 57,748 | 2.59 | - | - |
| Ljubo Ćesić | 41,216 | 1.85 | - | - |
| Ivić Pašalić - Croatian Bloc - Movement for a Modern Croatia | 40,637 | 1.82 | - | - |
| Anto Kovačević - Croatian Christian Democratic Union | 19,145 | 0.86 | - | - |
| Miroslav Blažević | 17,847 | 0.80 | - | - |
| Miroslav Rajh - Croatian Youth Party | 14,766 | 0.66 | - | - |
| Doris Košta | 8,721 | 0.37 | - | - |
| Mladen Kešer | 7,056 | 0.32 | - | - |
| Tomislav Petrak - Croatian Popular Party | 2,614 | 0.12 | - | - |
| Total (turnout 50.57 %) | 2,227,073 | 100.0 | 2,241,760 | 100.0 |
| Invalid votes | 20,269 | 35,617 | ||
| Registered voters | 4,403,933 | 4,392,220 | ||
| Source: State Election Commission | ||||
Main article: Croatian presidential election, 2005
| Parties and coalitions | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatian Democratic Union (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica) | 840,692 | 33.9 | 66 | |
| Coalition: | Social Democratic Party (Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske) | 560,593 | 22.6 | 34 |
| Istrian Democratic Assembly (Istarski demokratski sabor/Dieta democratica Istriana) | 4 | |||
| Party of Liberal Democrats (Libra - Stranka liberalnih demokrata) | 3 | |||
| Liberal Party (Liberalna stranka) | 2 | |||
| Coalition: | Croatian People's Party (Hrvatska narodna stranka) | 198,781 | 8.0 | 10 |
| Alliance of Primorje - Gorski Kotar (Primorsko-goranski savez) | 1 | |||
| Slavonia-Baranja Croatian Party (Slavonsko-baranjska hrvatska stranka) | - | |||
| Croatian Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka) | 177,359 | 7.2 | 10 | |
| Coalition: | Croatian Party of Rights (Hrvatska stranka prava) | 157,987 | 6.4 | 8 |
| Zagorje Democratic Party (Zagorska demokratska stranka) | - | |||
| Međimurje Party (Međimurska stranka) | - | |||
| Coalition: | Croatian Social Liberal Party (Hrvatska socijalno liberalna stranka) | 100,335 | 4.0 | 2 |
| Democratic Centre (Demokratski centar) | 1 | |||
| Croatian Pensioners' Party (Hrvatska stranka umirovljenika) | 98,537 | 4.0 | 3 | |
| Independent Democratic Serbian Party (Samostalna demokratska srpska stranka) | - | - | 3 | |
| Coalition: | Croatian Democratic Peasants Party (Hrvatska demokratska seljačka stranka) | 24,872 | 1.0 | 1 |
| Croatian Democratic Centre (Hrvatski demokratski centar) | - | |||
| Democratic Prigorje-Zagreb Party (Demokratska prigorsko-zagrebačka stranka) | - | |||
| Democratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia (Demokratska zajednica Mađara Hrvatske) | - | - | 1 | |
| German People's Union (Njemačka narodnosna zajednica) | - | - | 1 | |
| Party of Democratic Action of Croatia (Stranka demokratske akcije Hrvatske) | - | - | 1 | |
| Non-partisans | 4 | |||
| Total (turnout 61.7 %) | 2,478,967 | 151 | ||
| Invalid Votes | 41,041 | |||
| Votes Cast | 2,520,008 | |||
| Registered Voters | 4,087,553 | |||
| Source: Izbori.hr and IFES. | ||||
Main article: Croatian parliamentary election, 2003
[edit] Judiciary branch
The Supreme Court (Vrhovni sud) of the Republic of Croatia is the highest court. Court hearings are open, and judgments are made publicly, except in issues of privacy of the accused. Judges are appointed by the National Judicial Council and judicial office is permanent (until seventy years of age). The President of the Supreme Court is elected on 4-year term by the Croatian Parliament at the proposal of the President of the Republic.
See [1]
The Constitutional Court (Ustavni sud) of the Republic of Croatia decides on the constitutionality of laws and has the right to repeal a law it finds unconstitutional. It also can impeach the president. The body is made up of thirteen judges on 8-year term. The president of the Constitutional Court is elected by the court for a 4-year term.
See [2]
The National Judicial Council (Državno Sudbeno Vijeće) of the Republic appoints all judges. It is a body consisting of a president and fourteen members proposed and elected by the Parliament for 4-year terms, maximum two terms.
[edit] Regional government
The country is composed of 20 counties (županijas) and one city (grad, Zagreb). The counties and county centers are:
- Zagrebačka, Zagreb
- Krapinsko-zagorska, Krapina
- Sisačko-moslavačka, Sisak
- Karlovačka, Karlovac
- Varaždinska, Varaždin
- Koprivničko-križevačka, Koprivnica
- Bjelovarsko-bilogorska, Bjelovar
- Primorsko-goranska, Rijeka
- Ličko-senjska, Gospić
- Virovitičko-podravska, Virovitica
- Požeško-slavonska, Požega
- Brodsko-posavska, Slavonski Brod
- Zadarska, Zadar
- Osječko-baranjska, Osijek
- Šibensko-kninska, Šibenik
- Vukovarsko-srijemska, Vukovar
- Splitsko-dalmatinska, Split
- Istarska, Pazin
- Dubrovačko-neretvanska, Dubrovnik
- Međimurska, Čakovec
- Grad Zagreb
Counties are regional self-government units that carry out the affairs of regional significance, and in particular the affairs related to education, health service, area and urban planning, economic development, traffic and traffic infrastructure and the development of network of educational, health, social and cultural institutions.
In practice, this autonomy is very limited since counties must obey national laws and executive orders from the national level.
Municipalities and towns are local self-government units that carry out the affairs of local jurisdiction by which the needs of citizens are directly fulfilled, and in particular the affairs related to the organization of localities and housing, area and urban planning, public utilities, child care, social welfare, primary health services, education and elementary schools, culture, physical education and sports, customer protection, protection and improvement of the environment, fire protection and civil defense.
[edit] Political history
The Croatian Communist Party was the only party during socialist Yugoslavia, 1945-1990. The change of the name to League of Communists of Croatia (Savez Komunista Hrvatske, SKH) in the fifties was intended to emphasize the advisory role of the party, while actual power was supposed to be in hands of the working class. There were very few controversies and factional clashes in the SKH. Among the most important was the so called "Croatian Spring" in 1971 when some leaders of the SKH, most notably Savka Dabčević-Kučar and Miko Tripalo attempted to increase the political and economical independence of Croatia from other Yugoslav republics. Although "Croatian Spring" was broken, the leaders lost their political position and were forced into isolation, and less important leaders were persecuted, practically all the intentions of the mentioned national leaders were accepted and introduced in Yugoslavian constitution from 1974.
That constitution was relatively unfortunate in a sense that it did not delimit the responsibilities of the republics and federation in Yugoslavia clearly. As a result, when League of Communists lost its unity and authority, and republics started to make opposite, even aggressive political movements, the central government of Yugoslavia was unable to act. As a result, neither a peaceful break up, nor a military putsch was possible in the time of crisis, and country ended in bloody, tragic war.
In the situation where Serb leaders, especially members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts and Serbian president Slobodan Milošević started to threaten Croatia and prepare for a war, the first multi-party elections took place in 1990. The League of Communists changed its policy and name to the "Party of Democratic Changes" (SDP), however, the impression of the people was that this party could not respond to Milošević's threats adequately. The right-wing was represented by the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), led by the communist general, later Croatian nationalist and dissident Franjo Tuđman.
Third bloc at the elections was Coalition of People's Accord, alliance of mostly moderate nationalist parties that included Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), Social Democrats of Croatia (SDSH), Croatian Democratic Party (HDS), as well as many prominent veterans of Croatian Spring. Due to voting system that favoured two strong parties, coalition got surprisingly few seats during that election, and HDZ won easily.
However, increased crime in all parts of the society and a growing personal cult of Franjo Tuđman caused revival of the popularity of the at one moment almost dead ex-communist party. Vujić's SDSH united with SDP. HSLS split into two parties, led by their charismatic leaders: Vlado Gotovac's Liberal Party, and the more nationalist Dražen Budiša won administrative control over HSLS. In following years, these two leaders, especially Budisa led inconsistent policy which resulted in a significant drop in support for the once third most important party in Croatia. D. Budisa even left the party at one point, but he was persuaded to return.
For the 2000 elections, the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP) and the Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS) agreed on a join electoral list as did the Croatian Peasants Party (HSS), Croatian People's Party (HNS), Liberal Party of Croatia (LS), and Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS). Although these six parties went into the election under two separate lists they had negotiated an outline agreement for a coalition before the election and were known as the "šestorica" or "the six".
The six-party center-left coalition was in power until June 2001 when IDS left the governing coalition over its inability to win greater autonomy for Istria.
HSLS split (again; the initial splitoff formed LS) in 2002; the main faction left the government while a dissenting faction formed LIBRA and stayed in power.
The SDP-led coalition remained in power until the legislative elections of 2003, when they narrowly lost the majority to HDZ and other center-right parties.
HDZ formed a government in December 2003, even though they haven't formed a major coalition with parties like HSS and HSP. It appears, however, that the new HDZ, under the leadership of I. Sanader, is positioned significantly more on the center than early HDZ was.
Accession to membership of the European Union is presently a stated national goal for most mainstream parties, although they vary in the amount of cooperation with the EU rules. The main issues remain in the areas of post-war recovery: both political (refugee return, war crime trials) and economic (agricultural import/export policy).
One of the more recent trends in Croatian politics is deep alienation of Croatian public from Croatian political establishment. It manifested itself on the latest presidential and local elections through record low turnouts and support for candidates and options that represented alternative to Croatian political mainstream.
One of the stated reasons for such alienation is in mainstream political parties being oriented towards centre and having almost identical platforms. Another is parties being heavily centralised and perceived more as representatives of their leaders' personal interests than any palpable political platform. Proportional representation voting system which leads to coalition governments that often don't make any political sense - a phenomenon which gained a lot of notoriety after 2005 local elections - also contributed to those trends. Croatian public appears to prefer strong personalities with populist tendencies - like Boris Mikšić, Milan Bandić and Branimir Glavaš - to well-established parties or any particular ideology.
The alienation from Croatian political mainstream has also manifested itself in the dramatic rise of Euroscepticism among general public.
