Shampoo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Shampoo (disambiguation).
Shampoo is a hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, environmental pollution and/or other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair. The goal is to remove the unwanted build-up without stripping out so much as to make hair unmanageable.
Shampoo, when lathered with water, is a surfactant, which, while cleaning the hair and scalp, can remove the natural oils (sebum) which lubricate the hair shaft.
Shampooing is frequently followed by conditioners which increase the ease of combing and styling.
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[edit] History
The word shampoo in English usage dates back to 1762, with the meaning "to massage". The word was a loan from Anglo-Indian shampoo, in turn from Hindi chāmpo (चाँपो /tʃãːpoː/), imperative of chāmpnā (चाँपना /tʃãːpnaː/), "to smear, knead the muscles, massage". It itself comes from Sanskrit/Hindi word "champā" (चम्पा /tʃəmpaː/), the flowers of the plant Michelia champaca which have traditionally been used to make fragrant hair-oil.
The term and service was introduced by a Sake Dean Mahomed, who opened a shampooing bath known as Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths in Brighton in 1759. His baths were like Turkish baths where clients received an Indian treatment of champi (shampooing) or therapeutic massage. His service was appreciated; he received the high accolade of being appointed ‘Shampooing Surgeon’ to both George IV and William IV.
During the early stages of shampoo, English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in water and added herbs to give the hair shine and fragrance. Kasey Hebert was the first known maker of shampoo, and the origin is currently attributed to him. He sold his first shampoo, "Shaempoo" in the streets of his home, London, England.
Originally, soap and shampoo were very similar products; both contain surfactants, a type of detergent. Modern shampoo as it is known today was first introduced in the 1930s with Drene, the first synthetic (non-soap) shampoo.[1]
From ancient times to this day, Indians have been using different formulations of shampoos using herbs like neem, shikakai or soapnut, henna, bael, brahmi , fenugreek, buttermilk, amla, aloe, and almond in combination with some aromatic components like sandalwood, jasmine, turmeric, rose, and musk.
[edit] How shampoo works
Shampoo cleans by stripping sebum from the hair. Sebum is an oil secreted by hair follicles that is readily absorbed by the strands of hair, and forms a protective layer. Sebum protects the protein structure of hair from damage, but this protection comes as a cost: it tends to collect dirt, styling products and scalp flakes. Surfactants strip the sebum from the hair shafts and thereby remove the dirt attached to it.
While both soaps and shampoos contain surfactants, soap bonds to oils with such affinity that it removes too much if used on hair. Shampoo uses a different class of surfactants balanced to avoid removing too much oil from the hair.
The chemical mechanisms that underlie hair cleansing are similar to that of traditional soap. Undamaged hair has a hydrophobic surface to which skin lipids such as sebum stick, but water is initially repelled. The lipids do not come off easily when the hair is rinsed with plain water. Shampoo applied to wet hair is absorbed into the oil/hair interfaces. The anionic surfactants substantially reduce the interfacial surface tension and allow for the removal of the sebum from the hair shaft. The non-polar oily materials on the hair shaft are solubilised into the surfactant micelle structures of the shampoo and are removed during rinsing. There is also considerable removal through a surfactant and oil "roll up" effect.
[edit] Composition
Shampoo formulations seek to maximize the following qualities:
- Easy rinsing
- Good finish after washing hair
- Minimal skin/eye irritation
- No damage to hair
- Low toxicity
- Good biodegradability
- slightly acidic pH, since a basic environment weakens the hair by breaking the disulfide bonds in hair keratin.
Many shampoos are pearlescent. This effect is achieved by addition of tiny flakes of suitable materials, eg. glycol distearate (a wax).
[edit] Surfactants
Surfactants, also known as wetting agents, lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and the interfacial tension between two liquids. The term surfactant is a contraction of "Surface active agent".
The major types of surfactants used in shampoos include:
[edit] Ingredient claims
In the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandates that shampoo containers accurately list ingredients. The government further regulates what shampoo manufacturers can and cannot claim as any associated benefit. Shampoo producers often use these regulations to challenge marketing claims made by competitors, helping to enforce these regulations. While the claims may be substantiated however, the testing methods and details of such claims are not as straightforward. For example, many products are purported to protect hair from damage due to ultraviolet radiation. While the ingredient responsible for this protection does block UV, it is not present in a high enough concentration to be effective.
[edit] Vitamins
The effectiveness of vitamins, amino acids and "pro-vitamins" to shampoo is also largely debatable. Vitamins and amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and enzymes within the body. They are those substances our bodies are incapable of synthesizing from other substances. While vitamins may be able to penetrate cells through the skin, amino acids and proteins are too large to enter a cell outside the bloodstream, and they can have no effect on dead tissue. Proteins are constructed from amino acids following an RNA blueprint inside the cell. A strand of hair is a long protein chain continually being added to at the root. The only way for an amino acid to be of any use is to be intentionally bound to other amino acids in a specific fashion by a living cell. Hair is not alive, and there is no possibility for an amino acid or protein to have any permanent effect on the health of the strand.
The case for vitamins is not as well understood. Some have demonstrated a moderate effectiveness in improving the health of skin [1], but most likely the benefit is derived from the effect of vitamins on living cells below the epidermis. Extending this benefit to hair, the vitamins and minerals could improve the health of new hair growth, but the benefit to existing hair is unsubstantiated. However, the physical properies of some vitamins (like vitamin E oil or panthenol) would have a temporary cosmetic effect on the hair shaft while not having any bioactivity.
[edit] Specialized shampoos
[edit] Dandruff
Cosmetic companies have developed shampoos specifically for those who have dandruff. These contain fungicides such as zinc pyrithione and selenium sulfide which reduce loose dander by killing Malassezia furfur. Coal tar and salicylate derivatives are often used as well.
[edit] All-natural
Some companies use "all-natural", "organic" or "botanical" ingredients (such as plant extracts), often combining these additions with a typical surfactant. The effectiveness of these organic ingredients is controversial.
[edit] Alternative
Alternative shampoos, sometimes labeled SLS-free, have fewer harsh chemicals - typically none from the sulfate family. While purported to be gentler on human hair, these shampoos often have to be applied multiple times in order to effectively remove buildup.
[edit] Infant
Shampoo for infants is formulated so that it is the same pH level as the eye, thus less irritating if it were to get into the eyes. Most contain sodium laureth sulfate and/or sodium lauryl sulfate, the mildest surfactant of the sulfate family. Alternatively, infant shampoos may be formulated using other classes of surfactants, most notably non-ionics which are much milder than any charged anionics used.
[edit] Animal
Shampoo for animals (such as for dogs or cats) should be formulated especially for them, as their skin has fewer cell layers than human skin. Cats' skin is 2-3 cell layers thick, while dogs' skin is 3-5 layers. Human skin, by contrast, is 10-15 cell layers thick. This is a clear example of why one should never use baby shampoo on a cat or dog.
Shampoo intended for animals might contain insecticides or other medications for treatment of skin conditions or parasites such as fleas or mange. It is important to note that while most human shampoos are appropriate for animal use, products that contain active ingredients/drugs such as zinc in antidandruff, are potentially toxic when ingested in large quantities by animals (but not humans) and special care should be taken to avoid use of those products on animals.
[edit] Solid
Shampoo is also available in solid form, allowing it to be rubbed onto the hair. This has the advantage of having the shampoo easily carried, but also has the disadvantage of working less efficiently on longer hair.
[edit] Traditional Shampoos
[edit] Indonesia
Early shampoos used in Indonesia were made from rice husk and rice straw (merang). The husks and straws were burned into ash, and the ashes (which have alkaline properties) are mixed with water to form lather. The ashes and lather were scrubbed into the hair and rinsed out - leaving the hair clean, but very dry. After shampooing, Indonesians applied coconut oil to remoisten the hair. [2]
[edit] Trivia
The British Indian comedy show Goodness Gracious Me made a skit about "Mr Everything Comes From India" sitting on the verandah with his son who remarked that it was a nice English summer afternoon. "Mr Everything Comes From India" then blew the lid as he insisted about how "the Queen's language" is rubbish because words like "verandah" and "shampoo" are really Indian words.
Ginger Rogers in famous for one scene in the movie Swing Time (1936). While shampooing hair, Fred Astaire sings "Just the Way You Look Tonight." This is considered a memorable scene.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.pg.com/science/pbi_pert.jhtml
- ^ Kompas, Agar Rambut Selalu Sehat, 11 April 2004. (Indonesian)
