Sonoma Mountain
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| Sonoma Mountain | |
|---|---|
 Northeast flanks of Sonoma Mountain viewed from Annadel State Park. |
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| Elevation | 2,463 feet (751 m) |
| Location | Sonoma County, California, USA |
| Range | Sonoma Mountains |
| Coordinates | |
| Topo map | USGS Glen Ellen |
| First ascent | unknown |
| Easiest route | trail |
Sonoma Mountain is a prominent landform within the Sonoma Mountains of southern Sonoma County, California.[1] At elevation 2,463 feet (751 m), Sonoma Mountain offers expansive views of the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Sonoma Valley to the east. In fact, the viticultural area extends in isolated patches up the eastern slopes of Sonoma Mountain up to almost 1,700 feet (518 m) in elevation. The eastern slopes of Sonoma Mountain drain to Sonoma Creek, the northern slopes to Matanzas Creek and the western and southern exposures are part of the Petaluma River watershed.[2]
The eastern and northern slopes are protected from afternoon heat, and hence are more densely forested in oak woodlands, abetted by the well drained nutrient rich soils. The western and southern slopes, on the other hand, are drier and warmer, leading to fewer dense woodlands and more chaparral, grassland and oak savannah.
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[edit] Geology
Up until about twelve million years ago, this location was part of the seabed of the Pacific Ocean. In the Miocene era, precipitated by the combination of tectonic movement due to the seismically active environment and the presence of magma not far below the earth's surface, a massive period of uplift ensued. This uplift formed the volcanically based Sonoma Mountains as well as the Mayacmas Mountains to the east. Residual evidence of these ancient geological features appears in the form of local hot springs such as nearby Mortons Hot Springs and Agua Caliente Hot Springs. The presence of the active Rodgers Creek Fault also attests to this prehistoric tectonic movement.
The most readily accessed eastern slopes have a predominant occurrence of Goulding clay loam soils, particularly in the immediate area of Graham Creek.[3]. These are generally areas of 15 to 30 percent slopes that support dense mixed oak woodland, with large percentages of California laurel and Bigleaf maple. Higher on the eastern slopes is a large occurrence of Goulding clay loam on 30 to 50 percent slope, still with a dense forest cover, but with more Pacific Madrone and Coast live oak. Soil depths are rarely over a few feet deep before bedrock is reached, but even thin soils support rich plant growth because of the high nutrient content and mild climate.
The peak and higher northern slope of Sonoma Mountain consists of soils of the Goulding cobbly loam association, which are five to fifteen percent in slope and may contain up to 20 percent of cobblestones at the near surface. Outcrops of basaltic rock are common among this soil type, betraying the volcanic origin of Sonoma Mountain. The upper western reaches of Sonoma Mountain have some amounts of the Raynor clay association, which group typically has a depth to bedrock of about four to five feet. Lower on the western exposures, along the Lichau Creek immediate drainage area, there is a broad occurrence of Goulding clay loam on slopes of about 15 to 25 percent.
[edit] Ecology
The verdant forests on eastern exposures are fed by the year round Graham Creek and its tributaries. The most common eastern slope plant community is the oak woodland, which has a canopy of coast live oak, Garry oak, Black oak, Pacific Madrone, Bigleaf maple and California laurel. In some of the steeper, cooler riparian zones there are also small groves of Coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens. In these oak woodlands, the dominant understory plants are toyon, blackberry, western poison-oak and in occasional drier patches some coyote brush. Common animals observed include California Mule Deer, gray squirrel, raccoon, skunk and opossum. Less frequently bobcat and mountain lion are seen. There is abundant birdlife including the scrub jay, Steller's jay, Red-headed woodpecker and junco. Because of the rich soils and mild climate, there are significant sized vineyards at elevations up to 1700 feet (518 m) on the northeast flanks of the mountain, positioned like mosaics in a patchwork of mostly oak forest; these grapes contribute to some premium varietal wines, some of which are marketed as premium Sonoma Valley appellations.
[edit] Jack London State Historic Park
Jack London State Historic Park is a public access property near Glen Ellen, California situated on the eastern slope of Sonoma Mountain. The namesake of this California State Park is author Jack London, whose home was located on the subject property. That home, called the Wolf House, is a sizable stone structure, which was destroyed by fire and whose picturesque ruins are extant within the state park property. Sonoma Mountain had a significant influence on Jack London and his writings. In 1910 Jack London purchased this 1,000 acre (4 km²) ranch, known as the Beauty Ranch, for $26,000. He wrote that "Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me."[4] He wanted the ranch to become a successful business enterprise. Writing, always a commercial enterprise with London, now became even more a means to an end: "I write for no other purpose than to add to the beauty that now belongs to me. I write a book for no other reason than to add three or four hundred acres to my magnificent estate." The sloping terrain of the park has an access trail to reach the summit of Sonoma Mountain, although the final approach to the summit and the peak itself are not within the state park property.[5]
[edit] Fairfield Osborn Preserve
The Fairfield Osborn Preserve is a 460 acre nature reserve situated on the northwest flank of Sonoma Mountain in Sonoma County, California. There are several plant communities within the property, oak woodland being the dominant type[6]. Other habitats include chaparral, native clump grassland, marsh, coastal scrub and riparian zone. A diverse fauna inhabits this area including Black-tailed deer, coyote, bobcat and Mountain Lion; moreover, there are abundant avifauna, amphibians, reptiles and insects. The flora is extremely diverse including many native trees, shrubs, grasses, lichens and mosses. Copeland Creek and its tributaries drain the preserve as they wend their way down steep ravines toward eventual discharge to the Laguna de Santa Rosa. The property was originally a Spanish Land Grant holding and is now owned and managed by Sonoma State University, who uses it as a research base and as an educational tool for the general public. An understated natural trail system weaves through the property to provide access to creek canyons, ridges and marshy areas. The preserve is situated at elevations 1600 to 1900 feet above sea level and features a landscape riddled with basalt exposures that betray the volcanic prehistory of Sonoma Mountain.
[edit] References
- ^ Sonoma Mountain Study, a Specific Plan, Sonoma County Community and Environmental Services, February, 1978
- ^ Santa Rosa Quadrangle, Fifteen minute series, USGS Quadrangle Map, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC (1958)
- ^ Soil Survey, Sonoma County, California, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Government Printing Office, Washington DC, May 1972
- ^ Jack London, John Barleycorn (1913)
- ^ Tom Stienstra and Michael Hodgson, California Hiking, 1996-96 edition, Foghorn Press (1995) ISBN 0-935701-93-1
- ^ Larry Serpa and Lynn Lozier, Fairfield Osborn Preserve: Natural History and Ecology (1981)
