Texcoco
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Texcoco is a city in México State, Mexico, located to the east of Mexico City at , The city stands at about 2,250 meters above sea level. The city was originally founded on the eastern bank of the Lake Texcoco but is now well within the boundaries of Mexico City. In 2003 Texcoco had an estimated population of about 109,000 people. Historically, the name of the city has sometimes been rendered as Tezcuco or Tetzcoco.
Texcoco is most noted for its membership in the Aztec Triple Alliance. At the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, it was the one of the largest and most prestigious cities in central Mexico, second only to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. A survey of Mesoamerican cities estimated that pre-Conquest Texcoco had a population of 24,000 and occupied an area of 450 hectares.[1]
The city also has impressive Spanish Colonial Style architecture, including a large convent and the cathedral built atop the base of a Pre-Columbian pyramid.
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[edit] History
Texcoco was founded in the 12th century, on the eastern shore of Lake Texcoco, probably by the Chichimecs. In or about 1337, the Acolhua, with Tepanec help, expelled Chichimecs from Texcoco and Texcoco became the Acolhua capital city, taking over that role from Coatlinchan.
In 1418, Ixtlilxochitl I, the tlatoani (ruler) of Texcoco, was dethroned by Tezozomoc of Azcapotzalco. Ten years later, in 1428, Ixtlilxochitl's son, Nezahualcoyotl allied with the Aztecs to defeat Tezozomoc's son and successor, Maxtla. Texcoco and the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan, with the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, subsequently formalized their association as the Triple Alliance.
Texcoco thereby became the second most important city in the eventual Aztec empire, by agreement receiving two-fifths of the tribute collected.
Texcoco was known as a center of learning within the empire, and had a famed library including books from older Mesoamerican civilizations.
[edit] Palace, gardens and canal system
Erected by the hill of Texcotzingo, the royal residence had aqueducts, baths, gardens, stairways and over 300 separate chambers.
The palace gardens were a vast botanical collection that included plants from not only the growing Aztec Empire but also the most remote corners of Mesoamerica. Remnants of the gardens still exist to this day and have recently been studied by a team of Discovery Channel scientists, who were able to demonstrate by means of modeling and computer simulation that the layout of the site had been carefully planned to be in alignment with astronomical events, with an emphasis on Venus, and not simply aligned with the cardinal directions as previously assumed.
The water used to irrigate the gardens was obtained from the springs beyond the mountains to the east of Texcoco. The water was channeled through canals carved into the rock. In certain areas, rock staircases were used as waterfalls. After clearing the mountains, the canals continued downhill to a point a short distance from Texcotzingo. There the path to the city was blocked a deep canyon that ran from north to south. Nezahualcoyotl ordered that the gap be filled with tons of rocks and stones, thus creating the first known aqueduct in the New World.
[edit] Sacred hill
The whole hill of Texcotzingo was also served by this canal system and converted by his designers into a sacred place for the rain god Tláloc, complete with waterfalls, exotic animals and birds.
On the summit of the mountain he constructed a shrine to the god, laid out in hanging gardens reached by an airy flight of five hundred and twenty marble steps, a significant number, since according to Aztec mythology the gods have the choice to destroy humanity once every 52 years.
The site is rarely visited since one needs to climb a small mountain to reach it. Only on solstice and equinox events do large numbers of people make the ascent to the sacred site, the rest of the time it is left to the shamans and healers that use it for initiations.
[edit] Rulers of Texcoco
Nezahualcoyotl (1403 - 1473) was a noted poet, philosopher, and patron of the arts. He also had a large botanical and zoological garden, with specimens of plants and animals from throughout the empire and from the more distant lands with which the Empire traded.
Nezahualcoyotl's son Nezahualpilli (1464-1515) continued the tradition of patronizing the arts.
In 1520 the troops of Hernán Cortés occupied the city and killed Cacamatzin, Nezahualpilli's son and the last independent tlatoani, installing Ixtlilxochitl II as a puppet ruler. Cortés made Texcoco his base and employed Texcoco warriors in the Siege of Tenochtitlan.
[edit] Subsequent history
From 1827 to 1830 Texcoco was the capital of Mexico State.
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Smith (2005), p. 411.
