The Martian Chronicles
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The Martian Chronicles is a 1950 science fiction book by Ray Bradbury that chronicles the colonization of Mars by refugee humans from a troubled Earth, and the conflict between aboriginal Martians and the new colonists. The book lies somewhere between a short story collection and an episodic novel, containing Bradbury stories originally published in the late 1940s in science fiction magazines. For publication, the stories were loosely woven together with a series of short, interstitial vignettes. Bradbury has credited Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio and John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath as influences on the structure of the book. He has called it a "half-cousin to a novel" and "a book of stories pretending to be a novel."
Like Isaac Asimov's Foundation series, The Martian Chronicles follows a "future history" structure. The stories, complete in themselves, come together as episodes in a larger sequential narrative framework.
The book was published in the United Kingdom in 1951 under the title The Silver Locusts, with slightly different contents: the story "The Fire Balloons" was added, and the story "Usher II" was removed to make room for it.
[edit] Contents
[edit] Rocket Summer (January 1999)
First published in Planet Stories, Spring 1947.
The stories of the book are arranged in chronological order, starting in January 1999, with the departure of the first expedition. Rocket Summer is a short vignette which describes Ohio's winter turning briefly into summer due to the extreme heat of the rocket's take-off.
[edit] Ylla (February 1999)
First published as I'll Not Look for Wine in Maclean's, January 1, 1950.
The following chapter, Ylla, moves the story to Mars. Ylla, a Martian woman trapped in an unromantic marriage, dreams of the coming astronauts through her powers of telepathy. Her husband, though he pretends to deny the reality of the dreams, becomes bitterly jealous, sensing his wife's inchoate romantic feelings for one of the astronauts. He kills the two-man expedition as soon as they arrive, the astronauts including Nathanial York and a person named Burt.
[edit] The Summer Night (August 1999)
First published as The Spring Night in Arkham Sampler, Winter 1948.
This short vignette tells of Martians throughout Mars who, like Ylla, begin subconsciously picking up stray thoughts from the humans aboard the Second Expedition's ship, such as playing and singing American songs, which is approaching their planet.
[edit] The Earth Men (August 1999)
First published in Thrilling Wonder Stories, August 1948.
Tells of the "Second Expedition" to Mars. The astronauts arrive to find the Martians to be strangely unresponsive to their presence. The one exception to this is a group of Martians in a building who greet them with a parade. Several of the Martians in the building claim to be from Earth or from other planets of the solar system, and the captain slowly realizes that the Martian gift for telepathy allows others to view the hallucinations of the insane, and that they have been placed in an asylum. The Martians they have encountered all believed that their unusual appearance was a projected hallucination. Because the "hallucinations" are so detailed and the captain refuses to admit he is not from Earth, Mr. Xxx, his psychiatrist, declares him incurable and kills him. When the "imaginary" crew does not disappear as well, Mr. Xxx shoots and kills them. Finally, as the "imaginary" rocket remains in existence, Mr. Xxx concludes that he too must be crazy and shoots himself. The ship of the Second Expedition is sold as scrap at a junkyard.
[edit] The Taxpayer (March 2000)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
A man insists that he has a right to be let onto the next rocket to Mars, because he is a taxpayer. He insists on being let on the ship so strongly because the Earth will be having a great atomic war soon, and no one wants to be around when it happens. He is not allowed on the ship and eventually gets taken away by the police.
[edit] The Third Expedition (April 2000)
First published as Mars is Heaven in Planet Stories, Fall 1948.
The arrival and demise of the third group of Americans to land on Mars. This time the Martians are prepared for the Earthlings. When the crew arrives, they see a typical town of the 1920s filled with the long lost loved ones of the astronauts. The Martians have used the memories of the astronauts to lure them into their old houses where they are killed in the middle of the night by the Martians. The next morning, sixteen coffins exit sixteen houses and are buried. These opening chapters are the strangest of the whole collection and conclude any detailed discussion of Martians and their abilities.
(The original short story was set in the 1960s and dealt with characters nostalgic for their childhoods in the midwestern United States in the 1920s. In the Chronicles version, which takes place forty years later but which still relies upon the 1920s nostalgia, the story contains a brief paragraph about medical treatments that slow the aging process, so that the characters can be traveling to Mars in the 2000s but still remember the 1920s.)
[edit] And the Moon Be Still as Bright (June 2001)
First published in Thrilling Wonder Stories, June 1948.
The next chapter opens with the men of the Fourth Expedition gathering firewood against the cold Martian evening. The scientists have found that all of the Martians have died of chicken pox (brought by the first expeditions). The men, except for the archaeologist Spender and Captain Wilder, become more boisterous. Spender loses his temper when one of his crewmates starts dropping empty wine bottles into a clear blue canal. He knocks him into the canal. When questioned by his captain, Spender replies "We'll rip it up, rip the skin off, and change it to fit ourselves...We Earth Men have a talent for ruining big, beautiful things," referring to Mars. He leaves the rest of the landing party to explore Martian ruins.
- Note that, in some editions of the novel, the two stories relating to Jeff Spender have been combined as one.*
[edit] The Settlers (August 2001)
Spender returns to the rest of the expedition. He carries a Martian gun and shoots several of his crewmates, saying he is the last Martian. Captain Wilder approaches under a white flag and has a short discussion with Spender during which the archaeologist explains that if he manages to kill off the expedition it may delay human colonization of the planet for a few more years, possibly long enough that the expected nuclear war on Earth will protect Mars from human colonization completely. Although he somewhat agrees with Spender's attitude toward colonization, Captain Wilder opposes his methods. He shoots Spender in the chest before he has the opportunity to kill anyone else. The captain later knocks out the teeth of Parkhill, another expedition member, when he disrespectfully damages some Martian glass structures while "target practicing." Many of the characters of the Fourth Expedition — Parkhill, Captain Wilder, and Hathaway — re-appear in later stories. This is also the first story that displays a central theme of The Martian Chronicles. It acts as a commentary on the Western frontier of the United States and its colonization, using the colonization of Mars as the analogy. Like Spender, Bradbury's message is that some types of colonization are right and others are wrong. Trying to recreate Earth is viewed as wrong, but an approach that respects the fallen civilization that you are replacing is right.
- In the previously mentioned version, this short story describes the first settlers coming to Mars, the Lonely Ones, the ones that came to start over on the planet. It first appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
[edit] The Green Morning (December 2001)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
The next several chapters describe the transformation of Mars into another Earth. Small towns similar to those on Earth begin to grow. In The Green Morning, one man, Benjamin Driscoll, makes it his mission to plant thousands of trees on the red plains so oxygen levels will increase. Due to some property of the Martian soil, the trees he plants grow into a mighty forest in a single night. Now since the settlers including Driscoll have already settled into the air of Mars, they are now forced to get used to Earth's air now, with more oxygen than Mar's air.
[edit] The Locusts (February 2002)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
This vignette concerns the swift colonization of Mars. The title refers to the rockets and settlers which quickly spread across all of Mars.
[edit] Night Meeting (August 2002)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
This story begins with a conversation between an old man and a young traveler, Tomas Gomez. The older man explains that he came to Mars because he appreciates the new and novel. Even everyday things have become amazing to him once again. He has returned full circle to his childhood. Later, Tomas encounters a Martian. Each can see the Mars he is accustomed to. The young man sees ruins where the Martian sees a thriving city. Neither knows if he precedes the other in time, but Bradbury makes the point that any one civilization is ultimately fleeting.
This is the only full-length story in The Martian Chronicles which had not previously appeared in another publication.
[edit] The Shore (October 2002)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
This short vignette begins by comparing Mars to a shore, and humans to waves. It goes on to tell briefly of the first settlers, and their status as loners and outcasts on Earth.
[edit] The Fire Balloons (November 2002)
First appeared as In This Sign in Imagination, April 1950.
A missionary expedition of Episcopal priests from the United States anticipates sins unknown to them on Mars. Instead, they meet ethereal creatures who glow as blue flames in crystal spheres, who have left behind the material world, and thus have escaped sin.
This story appeared only in The Silver Locusts, the British edition of The Martian Chronicles. It otherwise appeared in The Illustrated Man.
[edit] Interim (February 2003)
First appeared in Weird Tales, July 1947.
This story describes the building of a Martian town by colonists and how much it was made to resemble an average Midwestern American town. The town was said to have appeared to have been swept up by a tornado on Earth, and brought to Mars.
[edit] The Musicians (April 2003)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
The Earth colonists deliberately attempt to exterminate the Martian cities. Interestingly, the term "Firemen" is used to describe those who set fires, as opposed to those who extinguish them, as in Fahrenheit 451. This alludes to later stories, with "Moral Climates" and the burning of literature — similar, once more, to Fahrenheit 451.
[edit] Way in the Middle of the Air (June 2003)
First appeared in Other Worlds, July 1950.
In an unnamed Southern town, a group of white men learn that all African Americans are planning to emigrate to Mars. Samuel Teece is an obviously racist white man who loudly decries their departure as he watches a great mass of humanity passing his shop porch. He tries to stop several black men from leaving. One man is harassed because of an old, unneeded debt -- other black passer-bys contribute money to relieve the debt. Teece then tries to keep a younger black man (named "Silly") from leaving, claiming that his work contract (signed with an "X" on a contract it is implied that Silly could not read) forbids his departure from Teece's business. After a verbal argument and a threat to lock him in a shed, some of Teece's white companions, including his own father, stand up to Teece and force him to let Silly depart with his family.
As he drives off, Silly yells to Teece, "what will you do nights now, Mr Teece?" Teece realizes that Silly is referring to his nocturnal visits to black homes, destroying houses and lynching black men. Enraged at Silly's comment, Teece and his father set off to get him. After giving chase in a car, the road becomes impassable, as the departing African Americans have left all their belongings on the dusty road to block anyone following. Teece and his father walk back to the shop, after which the rockets for Mars lift off. Teece, saying that he will be "damned" if he looks at the rockets, sits back in the quiet afternoon, and wonders what he really "will do nights."
This episode depicts the way some in the American South thought about blacks.
Curiously, the story was removed from a recent hardcover republication of the book. It has been replaced with a story about two mail order brides called "The Wilderness."
[edit] The Naming of Names (2004-05)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles. Not to be confused with the short story The Naming of Names, first published in Thrilling Wonder Stories, August 1949, later published as Dark They Were, and Golden-eyed.
This story is about later waves of immigrants to Mars, and how the geography of Mars is now largely named after the people from the first four expeditions (e.g. Spender Hill, Driscoll Forest) rather than after physical descriptions of the terrain.
[edit] Usher II (April 2005)
First published as Carnival of Madness in Thrilling Wonder Stories, April 1950.
Usher II tells of Bradbury’s and other writers’ fear of censorship. A literary expert named William Stendahl retreats to Mars and builds his image of the perfect manse, complete with mechanical bats and creaky door soundtracks. When the Moral Climate Monitors come to visit, he arranges to kill each in a manner reminiscent of a different horror masterpiece, including Edgar Allan Poe's The Cask of Amontillado. When his persecutors are dead, the house sinks into the lake as in Poe’s short story, The Fall of the House of Usher. Here, Bradbury’s message is simple: what goes around comes around, and ironic revenge is sweeter still.
[edit] The Old Ones (August 2005)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
This story indicates how hospitable and welcoming Mars is now, in which the elderly migrate too.
[edit] The Martian (September 2005)
First published in Super Science Stories, November 1949.
LaFarge and his wife Anna have forged a new life for themselves, but they still miss their dead son Tom. A night thunderstorm startles the elderly pair, who see a figure standing outside their home in the rain. Anna retires to bed afraid, while LaFarge believes that somehow, Tom is standing before him. He leaves his house unlocked.
That morning, "Tom" is busy helping Anna with chores. LaFarge sees that Anna is somehow unaware of Tom's death, and after speaking privately with him, LaFarge learns that "Tom" is a Martian with an apparent empathic shapeshifting ability: it appears as their dead son to them.
Later that day, Anna insists on a visit to the town. "Tom" is deathly afraid of being so close to so many people. LaFarge promises to keep him close, but at the town they become separated. While searching for "Tom," LaFarge hears that the Spaulding family in town has miraculously found their lost daughter Lavinia. Desperate to avoid a second devastating heartbreak to his wife, LaFarge sneaks into Spaulding's home and finds "Tom" now masquerading as Lavinia. He is able to wrest "Tom" back, and they run desperately back for their boat to leave town. However, everyone "Tom" passes sees a person of their own -- a lost husband, a son, a criminal. The Martian, exhausted from his constant shape-changing, spasms and dies.
[edit] The Luggage Store (November 2005)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
The story of Mars and its inhabitants is continued in a discussion between a priest and a luggage storeowner. Nuclear war has begun on Earth, and the priest predicts that most of the colonists will return to help. He proves right and the store is sold out overnight.
[edit] The Off Season (November 2005)
First published in Thrilling Wonder Stories, December 1948.
In another place, we again meet Parkhill. He has opened a hotdog stand, when a lone martian walks in. He panics and kills it. Suddenly, numerous Martians appear in sand ships. Parkhill takes his wife and flees. The Martians catch up and give Parkhill a message: he now owns half of Mars. Unfortunately, the fleet of rockets filled with "hungry customers" won't be coming to patronize his restaurant, as the nuclear war has begun on Earth.
[edit] The Watchers (November 2005)
First appeared in The Martian Chronicles.
The colonists witness a nuclear war on Earth, from Mars. They immediately return out of concern for their friends and families.
[edit] The Silent Towns (December 2005)
First published in Charm, March 1949.
Almost everybody has left Mars to go to Earth, but Walter Gripp -- a single placer miner who would like to find a wife -- lives in the mountains and does not hear of the departure. At first excited by his find of an empty town, he enjoys himself with money, food, clothes, and movies. Later on, his behavior becomes less extravagant. One night, he hears a telephone ringing in someone's home, and suddenly realizes that he should answer it to find companionship. Missing the call, and several others, he sits down with a phone book of Mars and starts dialing at A.
After days of calling without answers, he starts calling hotels, and then (after intuiting where he thinks a woman would most likely spend her time) calls the biggest beauty salon on Mars (in New Texas City) and a woman answers. They talk, but they are cut off. Tremendously excited and overcome with romantic dreams, he drives hundreds of miles to New Texas City, only to realize that she drove to find him on a back road. He drives back to his town, and meets Genevieve Selsor as he pulls in.
Their meeting was much less than his dreams hoped for -- he finds her unattractive (due to her weight and pallor) and insipid. After a sullen day, she slyly proposes marriage to him at dinner, as they believe they are the last man and the last woman on Mars. Gripp decides to run, driving across Mars to another tiny town to spend his life alone. And over the years, when the phone rings somewhere in town, he doesn't answer.
[edit] The Long Years (April 2026)
First published as Dwellers in Silence in Maclean's, September 15, 1948.
Hathaway (the doctor from the Fourth Expedition) is living retired on Mars with his family, even though everyone else has departed. We are shown that Hathaway is a mechanical tinkerer, who has wired an old town below their house to sound alive at night with noise and phone calls. One night, he sees a rocket in orbit, and sets fire to the old town to signal the rocket.
Captain Wilder (also from the earlier stories about the Fourth Expedition) finally returns to Mars after twenty years exploring the outer solar system. They land and have a reunion with Hathaway, who is troubled by his heart. Undeterred, Hathaway brings the crew to his house for breakfast. Wilder remarks that Hathaway's wife looks exactly as she did many years ago, as he knows her real age and knew her in the past. One of Wilder's crew pales when he sees Hathaway's children, knowing that the son should be the same age as he. Wilder sends the crewmember off to check some headstones that he saw when they landed. He returns, pale, and says that the adults now before them are buried.
Wilder offers Hathaway a rescue back to Earth, but Hathaway's heart fails and he dies, begging Wilder not to call his family because they "would not understand." Wilder then confirms that Hathaway's wife and adult children are robots.
As Wilder prepares to depart, one of the crew returns to the house with a pistol, but shortly after returns, sweating, having been unable to bring himself to kill the robotic family even knowing that they were not truly human. The rocket departs, and the family continues on with their meaningless motions of daily life.
[edit] There Will Come Soft Rains (August 2026)
First published in Collier's, May 6, 1950.
The story concerns a household in Allendale, California after the nuclear war has wiped out the population. Though the family is dead, the self-aware house that takes care of the family still function.
The reader learns a great deal about what the family was like by how the robots continue on in their functions. Breakfast is automatically made, clothes are laid out, voice reminders of daily activities are called out, but no one is there. Robotic mice vacuum the home and tidy up. As the day progresses, the rain quits, and the house prepares lunch and opens like a flower to the warm weather. Outside, a vivid image is given: the family's silhouettes which are permanently burned onto the side of the house when they were vaporized by the nuclear explosion, most disturbing is of two children playing catch. That night, a windstorm crashes a tree into the home, starting a fire that the house cannot combat, as the municipal water supply has dried up and failed.
The title of the story comes from a poem that the house reads once a day at bedtime, also titled "There Will Come Soft Rains." The theme of the poem is that nature will survive after humanity is gone, but the theme of the story is that through radiation humanity has completely sterilized life on Earth, perhaps forever.
This is one of the most famous short stories in science fiction.
[edit] The Million-Year Picnic (October 2026)
First published in Planet Stories, Summer 1946.
A family takes a "fishing trip" escaping from war-torn Earth to Mars. Says Timmy’s father, "I was looking for Earthian logic, common sense, good government, peace, and responsibility... It's not there anymore." Later, he gifts his boys with the world. And he introduces them to Martians — their own reflections in a canal.
[edit] Additional "Martian Chronicles"
According to Sam Weller's authorized biography of Bradbury, four chapters were dropped from the manuscript before publication and remain unpublished: They All Had Grandfathers, The Disease, The Fathers, and The Wheel.
A new edition of The Martian Chronicles published by Hill House (2005) appends several additional Bradbury stories on Martian themes. They are:
- The Love Affair (The Love Affair, Lord John Press 1982, written c. 1948)
- Night Call, Collect (Super Science Stories, April 1949)
- Dark They Were, and Golden Eyed (Thrilling Wonder Stories, August 1949)
- Harry Bittering and his family travel to Mars in order to escape the war that is raging on Earth. Soon comes the news that nuclear weapons have been launched at New York and there will be no further space flights until the war is over. In the meantime, the Bittering family has been noticing strange changes throughout their home, and Harry decides he will build a rocket. He is ridiculed by his friends, and soon his passion for the rocket dies down. Slowly though, the humans have started changing too, and they all become Martians.
- The Visitor (Startling Stories, November 1948)
- The One Who Waits (Arkham Sampler, Summer 1949)
- The Lonely Ones (Startling Stories, July 1949)
- The Exiles (The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Winter/Spring 1950)
- The Blue Bottle (Planet Stories, Fall 1950)
- The Other Foot (New Story, March 1951)
- The Strawberry Window (Star Science Fiction Stories #3, ed. Frederik Pohl, Ballantine, 1954)
- Holiday (Playboy, December 1963)
- The Lost City of Mars (Playboy, January 1967, reprinted in I Sing the Body Electric!)
- The Messiah (Welcome Aboard, Spring 1971)
[edit] Radio adaptations
The Martian Chronicles was adapted for radio in the science fiction radio series Dimension X. This truncated version contained elements of the stories Rocket Summer, Ylla, –and the Moon be Still as Bright, The Settlers, The Locusts, The Shore, The Off Season, There Will Come Soft Rains, and The Million-Year Picnic.
–and the Moon be Still as Bright and There Will Come Soft Rains were also adapted for separate episodes in the same series. The short stories Mars Is Heaven (The Third Expedition) and Dwellers in Silence (The Long Years) also appeared as episodes of Dimension X. The latter is in a very different form from the one found in The Martian Chronicles.
A very abridged spoken word reading of "There Will Come Soft Rains" and "Usher II" was made in 1975 with Leonard Nimoy as narrator.
[edit] TV Miniseries
In 1979 NBC commissioned a miniseries adaptation in partnership with BBC, The Martian Chronicles. The adaptation was written by Richard Matheson and was directed by Michael Anderson. The series star was Rock Hudson as 'Wilder', with Darren McGavin as 'Parkhill', Bernadette Peters as 'Genevieve Selsor', Roddy McDowall as 'Father Stone', and Barry Morse as 'Hathaway'. Bradbury found the miniseries "just boring."[1]
[edit] References
- ^ Weller, Sam (2005). The Bradbury Chronicles: The Life of Ray Bradbury. New York: HarperCollins, 301-302. ISBN 0-06-054581-X.
