Trier
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| Trier | |
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| Country | Germany |
| State | Rhineland-Palatinate |
| District | urban district |
| Population | 99,685 (2005) |
| Area | 117.14 km² |
| Population density | 853 /km² |
| Elevation | 124 m |
| Coordinates | 49°45′ N 6°38′ E |
| Postal code | 54290-54296 |
| Area code | 0651 |
| Licence plate code | TR |
| Mayor | Helmut Schröer (CDU) |
| Website | trier.eu |
Trier (French: Trèves; Luxembourgish Tréier) is a city in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. It is the oldest city in Germany, founded in or before 16 AD.[1] Trier is not the only city claiming to be Germany's oldest, but it is the only one that bases this assertion on having the longest history as a city (as opposed to a mere settlement or army camp).
Trier lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of ruddy sandstone in the west of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, near the German border with Luxembourg and within the important Mosel-Saar-Ruwer wine-growing region.
Trier is the seat of the former Archbishopric of Trier - now Bishop of Trier, as well as being home to the University of Trier, the University of applied sciences of Trier (Fachhochschule Trier), the administration of the Trier-Saarburg district and the seat of the ADD (Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier.
With an approximate population of 100,000, Trier was until 2005 ranked fourth alongside Kaiserslautern among the state's largest cities, after Mainz, Ludwigshafen am Rhein and Koblenz. However, the census of June 30, 2005 registered only 99,685 inhabitants. The nearest large cities in Germany are Saarbrücken, some 80 km southeast, and Koblenz, about 100 km northeast. The closest city to Trier is in fact the capital of Luxembourg, some 50 km to the Southwest.
Trier is one of the five "central places" of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, Metz and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the QuattroPole union of cities, it also forms a central place of the greater region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux (Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg), Rhineland-Palatinate and Wallonia.
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[edit] Geography
Trier sits in a hollow midway along the Moselle valley, with the most significant portion of the city on the right bank of the river. Wooded and vineyard-covered slopes stretch up to the Hunsrück plateaux in the South and the Eifel in the North. The border with the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg is some 15 km distant.
[edit] Neighbouring municipalities
Listed in clockwise order, beginning with the northernmost; all municipalities belong to the Trier-Saarburg district
Schweich, Kenn and Longuich (all part of the Verbandsgemeinde Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße), Mertesdorf, Kasel, Waldrach, Morscheid, Korlingen, Gutweiler, Sommerau and Gusterath (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer), Hockweiler, Franzenheim (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land), Konz (Verbandsgemeinde Konz), Igel, Trierweiler, Aach, Newel, Kordel (Eifel), Zemmer (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land)
[edit] Organisation of city districts
The Trier urban area is divided into 19 city districts. For each district there is an Ortsbeirat (local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as an Ortsvorsteher (local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing the important issues that impact upon the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their allocated budgets.
The districts of Trier together with their official numbers and their associated sub-districts (in parentheses):
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[edit] History
[edit] History of the city
[edit] Prehistory
The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear pottery settlements dating from the early neolithic period.
According to legend, Trier was founded by Trebeta, the son of the Assyrian King Ninus, around 2000 BC: some 1300 years before the rise of Rome.[2]
Since the last pre-Christian centuries, members of the Celtic tribe of the Treveri settled in the area of today's Trier.
[edit] Roman Empire
The Romans under Julius Caesar first subdued the Treveri in 58 to 50 BC. No later than 16 BC, at the foot of the Petrisberg, upon which a military camp had been set up in 30 BC and abandoned again a few months later, the Romans founded the city of Augusta Treverorum ("City of Augustus in the land of the Treveri"). The honour of being named after the Emperor was one shared only by Augsburg and Augst in northern Switzerland. Following the reorganisation of the Roman provinces in Germany in 16 BC, the Emperor Augustus decided that the city should become capital of the province of Belgica [3].
From the second half of the third century onwards, Trier was the seat of an archbishopric; the first bishop being Eucharius. From 259 to 274 AD, Trier was the capital of the breakaway Gallic Empire. In the year 275 AD, the city was destroyed in an invasion by the Alamanni. From 293 to 395 AD, Trier was one of the residences of the Western Roman Emperor (see also Late Antiquity).
Under the rule of Constantine the Great (306 – 337 AD), the city was rebuilt and buildings such as the Palastaula (known today as the Constantine Basilica) and the Imperial Baths were constructed. In 326 AD, sections of the imperial family's private residential palaces were extended and converted to a large double basilica, the remains of which are still partly recognisable in the area of the Trier Cathedral (German: Trierer Dom) and the church "Liebfrauenkirche".
From 318 AD onwards, Trier was the seat of the Gallic prefecture (the Praefectus Praetorio Galliarium), one of the two highest authorities in the Western Roman Empire, which governed the western Roman provinces from Morocco to Britain. Emperor Constantius II resided here from 328 to 340 AD. From 367 AD, under Valentinian I, Trier once more became an imperial residence (lasting until the death of Theodosius I in 395 AD) and was also the largest city north of the Alps. It was for a few years (383 – 388 AD) the capital of Magnus Maximus, who ruled most of the western Empire. In 407 AD, shortly after the invasion of Gaul by the Vandals, Alans and Suebi, the Gallic prefecture was relocated to Arles, on the Rhône.
Roman Trier had been subjected to attacks by Germanic tribes from 350 AD onwards, but these had been repulsed by Emperor Julian. After the invasions of 407 the Romans were able to reestablish the Rhine frontier and hold northern Gaul tenuously until the end of the 450s, when control was finally lost to the Franks and local military commanders claiming to represent central Roman authority. During this period Trier was repeatedly sacked and captured by the Franks (possibly in 413 and 421 AD), as well as by the Huns under Attila in 451 AD. The city became definitively part of Frankish territory (Francia Rhinensis) in 475 AD (see also Arbogast). As a result of the conflicts of this period, Trier's population decreased from an estimated 80,000 in the 4th century to 5,000 at the beginning of the 6th century.
[edit] Middle Ages
By the end of the 5th century AD, Trier was under Frankish rule, first controlled by the Merovingian dynasty, then by the Carolingians. As a result of the Treaty of Verdun in 843, by which the grandsons of Charlemagne divided his empire into three parts, Trier was incorporated into the Kingdom of Lorraine (Lotharingia). After the death of Lothair II, ruler of Lorraine, Trier in 870 became part of the East Frankish Empire, later called Germany, under Henry I.
From 902 AD, when power passed into the hands of the archbishops, Trier was administered by the Vogt of the archbishopric, which developed its own seal in 1149. The Archbishop of Trier was, as chancellor of Burgundy, one of the seven Electorates of the Holy Roman Empire, a right which originated in the 12th or 13th century, and which continued until the French Revolution. From the 10th century AD and throughout the Middle Ages, Trier made several attempts to achieve autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire, but was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1212, the city received a charter from Emperor Otto IV, which was confirmed by Conrad IV. In 1309, however, it was forced to once again recognise the authority of the Archbishop, who was at that time the imposing Baldwin of Luxemburg, son of the Count of Luxemburg.
Elected in 1307 AD when he was only 22 years old, Baldwin was the most important Archbishop and Prince-Elector of Trier in the Middle Ages. He was the brother of the German King and Emperor Henry VII and his grandnephew Charles would later become German King and Emperor as Charles IV. He used his family connections to add considerable territories to the Electorate of Trier and is also known to have built many castles in the region. When he died in 1354, Trier was a prospering city.
Trier's status as an archbishopric city was confirmed in 1364 AD by Emperor Charles IV and by the Reichskammergericht; The city's dream of self-rule came definitively to an end in 1583. Until the demise of the old empire, Trier remained the capital of its eponymous Electorate of Kurtrier, although not the residence of its head of state, the Prince-Elector. At its head was a court of lay assessors, which was expanded in 1443 by Archbishop Jacob I to include bipartisan mayors.
The Dombering (curtain wall of the Cathedral) having been secured at the end of the 10th century AD, Archbishop Theoderich I and his successor Arnold II later set about surrounding the city by walls. This curtain wall, which followed the path now taken by the Alleenring, enclosed 1.38 square kilometres.
Many abbeys and monasteries were founded in the early Frankish time, including St. Maximin, St. Martin, St. Irminen, St. Maria ad Martyres/St.Mergen and others. The only important abbey that survived wars and secularization by the French at the beginning of 1800 AD is the Benedictine abbey St. Matthias in the south of Trier. Here, the first three bishops of Trier, Eucherius, Valerius and Maternus are buried alongside the apostle Matthew. This is the only tomb of an apostle to be located in Europe north of the Alps, thus making Trier together with Rome in Italy (burial place of St. Peter the apostle) and Santiago de Compostela in Spain (tomb of St. James) one of three major places of pilgrimage in Europe for Catholics. In 882 AD, Trier was sacked by the Vikings, who burnt most churches and abbeys. This was the end of the systematically built Roman Trier.
[edit] Modern age
In 1473 AD, Emperor Frederick III and Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy convened in Trier. In this same year, a university was founded in the city but was destined to be abolished in 1797.
In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residences to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz. A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512 AD, during which the demarcation of the Imperial Circles was definitively established.
With the Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648 AD), more than two centuries of warfare began for Trier. It was occupied several times by French troops. They besieged and occupied Trier in 1632, 1645, 1673 (the French Army stayed until 1675 and destroyed all churches, abbeys and settlements in front of the city walls for military reasons; the city itself was heavily fortified).
In 1684 AD, with the War of the Reunions, an era of French expansion began. Trier was again captured in 1684; all walls and fortresses were destroyed this time. After Trier and its associated Electorate were yet again taken during the War of Palatinate Succession in 1688, many cities in the Electorate were systematically destroyed in 1689 by the French Army. Nearly all castles were blown up and the only bridge across the Moselle in Trier was burnt. King Louis XIV of France personally issued the order for these acts of destruction but also gave the command to spare the City of Trier. As the French Army retreated in 1698 AD, it left a starving city without walls and only 2,500 inhabitants.
During the War of the Spanish Succession, Trier was occupied again by a French Army in 1702. In 1704-1705 an allied British-Dutch army commanded by the Duke of Marlborough passed Trier on its way to France. When the campaign failed, the French came back to Trier in 1705 and stayed until 1714. After a short period of peace, the War of the Polish Succession started in 1734; the following year Trier was again occupied by the French, who stayed until 1737. The last Prince-Elector, Clement Wenceslaus of Saxony relocated to Koblenz in 1786 AD. In August 1794, French Republican troops took Trier. This date marked the end of the era of the old Electorate. Churches, abbeys and clerical possessions were sold or the buildings put to practical use, such as stables.
With the peace treaties of Basel and Campo Formio in 1797 AD, German hegemonial powers Prussia and Austria accepted to cede all German territories on the left banks of the Rhine river to France. Trier became de facto a French city. In 1798, it became capital of the newly-founded French Département de la Sarre. With the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, Trier became also de jure a French city. In 1801 AD, Napoleon I signed a concordate with the Pope, thus stopping defamations of clerics and making Trier a diocese. Its territory now was identical with the Départment de la Sarre, much smaller than the Archbishopric had been until 1794. In 1802, the Frenchman Charles Mannay became first bishop of the new founded diocese and, in 1803, the first Holy Mass since 1794 was celebrated in the Cathedral. Emperor Napoleon visited Trier in 1804. In this time, French Trier began to prosper.
In 1814 AD, the French era ended suddenly as Trier was taken by Prussian troops. After the defeat of Napoleon, the German-French borders of 1792 were restored in the 1814 and 1815 Paris peace treaties. The city was proclaimed part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1815. In 1816 AD, the Prussians reorganized their new territory and set up the Rhine Province, with six administrative districts. Trier became seat of one these district administrations, the Regierungsbezirk Trier. Because of the new political situation and the new customs frontiers in the West, the economy of Trier began a steady decline that was to last until 1840.
From 1840 on, the situation began to improve as the neighbouring state of Luxemburg, an important market for Trier-made products, joined the German Customs Union in 1842. Trier, with a population of 15,500 at this time, produced mainly leather, cloth, wine and tobacco. Iron works were founded in Quint near Trier at this time. An important infrastructural improvement was the introduction of a shipping line operating with paddle-wheel steamers on the Moselle River, connecting Trier, Koblenz and Metz. The first railway line, linking Trier with Saarbrücken and Luxemburg was inaugurated in 1860, followed by the Trier-Cologne line across the Eifel in 1871 and the Moselle Railway to Koblenz in 1879. Minor lines to Bitburg via Irrel along the River Sauer, to Hermeskeil along the Ruwer River and the Moselbahn to Bullay (near Zell) were built later. A sign of increasing prosperity were the first trade fairs in modern Trier in 1840 and 1842.
During the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Trier also saw protests and conflicts. The city council sent a letter to King Frederick William IV of Prussia, demanding more civic liberties. The lawyer Ludwig Simon was elected to represent Trier in the first German parliament in Frankfurt. After Prussian soldiers killed one citizen and wounded others in a melée, the situation escalated. The people of Trier hoisted black-red-gold flags as democratic symbols, rang the church bells, organized a militia and took away the signs of Prussian rule. A second melée between demonstrators and soldiers, which left two citizens dead, led to a collective outburst of fury. The people began to build barricades and wave the red flag. There were even reports that a statue of the Prussian King was smashed into pieces. Trier was on the eve of a civil war when the commander of the VIII Prussian army corps arrived and threatened to shell Trier. After being confronted with superior Prussian military power, the citizens gave up and removed the barricades. Some Trierers were jailed for their democratic attitude; Ludwig Simon emigrated like many others and died in Switzerland.
[edit] Second World War
In September 1944, Trier was only a short distance from the frontline fighting and was subjected to almost daily bombardment by American artillery. Allied forces carried out three large-scale aerial attacks on the city later in the same year. On December 19 at 15:30, 30 British Lancaster bombers dropped 136 tonnes of high-explosive bombs over Trier. Two days later, on December 21 at 14:35, 94 Lancasters and 47 American fighter-bombers dropped 427 tonnes of ordnance (high-explosive, incendiary and napalm bombs). Another two days after that, 700 tonnes of bombs were released over the city.
According to research by the historian Adolf Welter, at least 420 people were killed in the December 1944 attacks on Trier. Numerous buildings were damaged. During the entire war, 1600 houses in the city were completely destroyed. On March 2, 1945, the city surrendered to the Allies with minimal resistance.
[edit] Postwar period
At the end of April 1969, the old Roman road at the Porta Nigra was uncovered. Shortly afterward, on May 12, 1969, the open-air wildlife enclosure in the Weisshaus forest was opened. The University of Trier was established in 1970, initially as part of the combined university of Trier-Kaiserslautern. The evolution of Trier as a university city took a further step forward with the opening on April 1, 1974 of the Martinskloster student residence halls. In 1975, the university once more became independent.
Other significant events of the 1970s include the discontinuation of the 99-year-old "Trierische Landeszeitung" newspaper on March 31, 1974 and the reopening of the restored Trier Dom on May 1 of that same year.
From the May 24 to 27 1984, Trier officially celebrated its 2000th anniversary. In 1986, Roman Trier (the amphitheatre, Barbara Baths, Imperial Baths, Constantine Basilica, Igel Monument, Porta Nigra, Roman bridge, Dom St. Peter and Liebfrauenkirche) and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Another cultural heritage site is the church of St. Paulin, designed by Balthasar Neumann. During construction of an underground parking lot in October 1988, remnants of Roman fresco paintings were discovered beneath the Viehmarkt. On November 5, the Trier Observatory was officially inaugurated. In the course of excavation work on a further subterranean garage near the Roman bridge, a collection of 2558 Roman gold coins was discovered on September 9, 1993. The coins have an estimated value of 2.5 million Euro.
From the April 22 to October 24, 2004, the State Garden Show was held on the Petrisberg heights and attracted 724,000 visitors.
A new discovery of Roman remains was made in April 2006, when traces of building walls were unearthed during demolition works in the city centre.
[edit] Incorporation of municipalities
Formerly autonomous municipalities and territories that have been incorporated into the City of Trier. Some localities had already formed part of the urban area between 1798 and 1851. In 1798, the city area covered a total of 8.9 square kilometres.
| Year | Localities |
| 1888 | St. Paulin, Maar, Zurlauben, Löwenbrücken, St. Barbara |
| 1888 | Separation of Heiligkreuz and Olewig |
| 1912 | Pallien (southern part), Heiligkreuz, St. Matthias, St. Medard, Feyen (with Weismark) |
| 1930 | Euren, Biewer, Pallien (northern part), Kürenz, Olewig |
| June 7, 1969 | Ehrang-Pfalzel (formed on March 1, 1968 through unification of the two previously autonomous municipalities) |
| June 7, 1969 | Eitelsbach, Filsch, Irsch, Kernscheid, Ruwer, Tarforst, Zewen |
[edit] Population development
At the beginning of the 4th century AD, Trier was the residence of the Roman Emperor and, with an estimated 80,000 inhabitants, the largest city North of the Alps. Through the Middle Ages and up until the start of the Modern Age, numerous wars, epidemics and famines caused the city's population to drop to only 2,677 in 1697. The population began to increase once more in the course of the 18th century, reaching 8,829 in 1801. The onset of industrialisation in the 19th century accelerated this growth. In the year 1900, the city was home to over 43,000 people. By 1939, this figure had doubled to over 88,000.
The Second World War cost Trier roughly 35% of its population (30,551 people) and the number of inhabitants had dropped to 57,000 by 1945. Only through the incorporation of several surrounding localities into the city on June 7, 1969 did the population once more reach its prewar level. This reorganisation in fact pushed the number of inhabitants beyond the 100,000 mark, which accorded the city of Trier Großstadt status. On June 30, 2005, the population of Trier according to official records of the Rhineland-Palatinate state authorities was 99,685 (registered only by Hauptwohnsitz and after comparison with other regional authorities).
The following overview illustrates the city's different population levels, according to the current size of the city area. Up until 1801, these figures are mostly estimates; after this date they have been sourced from census results or official records of state authorities. From 1871 onwards, these statistics correspond to the "present population", from 1925 to the "resident population" and from 1987 to the "population resident at main domicile". Prior to 1871, the population was recorded using inconsistent survey methods.
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[edit] Sights
Trier is well known for its well-preserved Roman and medieval buildings, which include:
- the Porta Nigra, the best preserved Roman city gate north of the Alps;
- ruins of three Roman baths, among them the largest Roman baths north of the Alps;
- the huge Constantine Basilica, a basilica in the original Roman sense, being the 67 m long throne hall of Roman Emperor Constantine; it is today used as a Protestant church.
- the Trier Cathedral (German: Trierer Dom or Dom St. Peter), which dates back to Roman times and is home to the Holy Tunic, a garment that presumably goes back to the robe Jesus was wearing when he died. It is only exhibited every few decades, at irregular intervals.
- the Liebfrauenkirche (Church of Our Lady), which is one of the most important early Gothic cathedrals in Germany and follows into the architectural tradition of the French Gothic cathedrals;
- the Roman amphitheatre;
- the Roman bridge across the Moselle River, which is the oldest bridge north of the Alps still crossed by traffic;
- St. Matthew Abbey (German: Abtei St. Matthias), a still-in-use monastery in whose medieval church the only apostle north of the Alps is held to be buried
Other edifices of interest include:
- the church of St. Paulin, which is one of the most important Baroque churches in Rhineland-Palatinate and may have been in parts designed by the famous architect Balthasar Neumann
- the two old treadwheel cranes, the so called "Old Crane" (Ger. Der Alte Krahnen) or the "Trierian Moselle Crane" (German: der Trierer Moselkrahn), a Gothic time building from 1413, and the Baroque crane from 1774 called the (old) "Customs Crane" (German: der (alte) Zollkran), also called the "Younger Moselle Crane" (German: der Jüngere Moselkran).
[edit] Museums
- Rheinisches Landesmuseum (one of the two most important German archaeological museums for the Roman period, along with the Römisch-Germanisches Museum in Cologne)
- Städtisches Museum Simeonstift (history of Trier, displaying among other exhibits a model of the medieval city)
- Toy Museum of Trier
- Ethnological and open air museum Roscheider Hof, a museum in the neighboring town of Konz, right at the city limits of Trier, which shows the history of rural culture in the northwest Rhineland Palatinate and in the area where Germany, Luxembourg and Lorraine meet.
- Fell Exhibition Slate Mine; site in the municipality of Fell, 20 kilometers from Trier, containing an underground mine, a mine museum, and a slate mining trail
[edit] Miscellaneous
Trier is the oldest seat of a Christian bishop north of the Alps. In the Middle Ages, the Archbishop of Trier was an important ecclesiastical prince, controlling land from the French border to the Rhine. He was also one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire.
Trier is also the birthplace of the influential philosopher and revolutionary Karl Marx. The Karl-Marx-Haus is the house where he was born. It was opened in 1947 and renovated in 1983.
It is also the birthplace of Saint Ambrose, who later became the bishop of Milan and was named a Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church.
Established in Trier is the University of Trier, founded 1483, closed 1796 and started again in 1970.
Trier has been the base for the German round of the World Rally Championship since 2000, with the rally's presentation held next to the Porta Nigra.
[edit] Infrastructure
Trier has direct railway connections to many cities. Nearest cities by train are Cologne, Saarbrücken and Luxemburg. Via the motorways A1, A48 and A64 Trier is linked with Koblenz, Saarbrücken and Luxemburg. Nearest international airports are in Luxemburg (0:40 h by car), Frankfurt-Hahn (1:00 h), Saarbrücken (1:00 h), Frankfurt (2:00 h) and Cologne/Bonn (2:00 h). The Moselle River is an important waterway and is also used for river cruises.
[edit] Twin Towns
Metz, France since 1957
Ascoli Piceno, Italy, since 1958
Gloucester, United Kingdom, since 1959
's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands, since 1968
Pula, Croatia, since 1971
Fort Worth, Texas, USA, since 1987
Weimar, Thuringia, Germany since 1990
Nagaoka, Japan, since 2006
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- city website
- Trier City Panoramas - Panoramic Views and virtual Tours
- Karl-Marx-Haus birth house and museum
- Trier Daily Photo - A new photograph of Trier every day.
- Trier Photographs
- City Guide Trier - from the University of Trier website
- Open Air Museum Roscheider Hof - the Open Air Museum of the Euregio SaarLorLux
- Museum Mine Fell - A former slate mine
- Treveris-Timetravel - Pictures of Trier
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Urban and rural districts in the Federal State of Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany |
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Urban |
Frankenthal | Kaiserslautern | Koblenz | Landau | Ludwigshafen | Mainz | Neustadt (Weinstraße) |
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Rural |
Ahrweiler | Altenkirchen | Alzey-Worms | Bad Dürkheim | Bad Kreuznach | Bernkastel-Wittlich | Birkenfeld | Bitburg-Prüm |
Aachen Cathedral · Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch · Augustusburg and Falkenlust · Bamberg · Bauhaus Sites · Berlin Museum Island · Classical Weimar · Cologne Cathedral · Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm · Dresden Elbe Valley · Goslar with Mines of Rammelsberg · Lübeck · Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg · Maulbronn Monastery Complex · Messel Pit Fossil Site · Muskauer Park (w/ Poland) · Monastic Island of Reichenau · Old Town of Quedlinburg · Pilgrimage Church of Wies · Regensburg · Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady, Trier · Sanssouci, New Palace, Charlottenburg · St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim · Speyer Cathedral · Stralsund and Wismar · Town Hall and Roland in Bremen · Upper German Raetian Limes · Upper Middle Rhine Valley · Völklingen Ironworks · Wartburg Castle · Würzburg Residence · Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex, Essen
