Trilogy

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For other uses, see Trilogy (disambiguation).

A trilogy is a set of three works of art, usually literature or film, that are connected and can generally be seen as a single work as well as three individual ones.

Most trilogies are works of fiction involving the same characters or setting, such as The Deptford Trilogy of novels by Robertson Davies or The Godfather films of Francis Ford Coppola. Others are connected only by theme: for example, each film of Krzysztof Kieślowski's Three Colors trilogy explores one of the political ideals of the French Republic (liberty, equality, fraternity) and each novel in Paul Auster's The New York Trilogy uses formats from detective fiction to explore existential questions. Trilogies can also be connected in less-obvious ways, such as "The Nova Trilogy" of novels by William S. Burroughs, each written using Brion Gysin’s cut-up technique.

Trilogies—and series in general—are common in science fiction and fantasy film and literature genres because of the artistic importance of complex ideas and the commercial importance of brand names.

Occasionally, the term is applied to music, such as the Berlin Trilogy of David Bowie, linked together by their musical sound and lyrical themes, and the fact that they were recorded in Berlin, Germany.

[edit] Greek trilogies

Trilogies have a long history. In the Dionysia festivals of Ancient Greece, for example, trilogies of plays were performed followed by a fourth satyr play. The Oresteia is the only surviving trilogy of these ancient Greek plays, originally performed at the festival in Athens in 458 BC. The three Theban plays, or Oedipus trilogy, by Sophocles, originating in 5th century BC, is another early example.

[edit] Adding works to an existing trilogy

Creators of trilogies may later add more works. In such a case, the original three works may or may not keep the title "trilogy."

The films Batman, Batman Returns, and Batman Forever were released on home video in 1995 as the "Batman Trilogy", but after the 1997 release of Batman and Robin, a new package containing all the films was called the "Batman Legacy".

By contrast, The Foundation Series by Isaac Asimov originally consisted of Foundation, Foundation and Empire and Second Foundation and was considered a trilogy. Asimov wrote several more Foundation books and retroactively incorporated many of his other works into the continuity of the series. Despite this, the first three books are still considered a trilogy because they contain a story that is unified and self-contained. Further complicating the matter, the Foundation series was originally eight short stories and novelettes written for science fiction magazines and its division into three books is more or less incidental.

The first three novels in the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series were dubbed a trilogy, and even after extending the series to five novels, author Douglas Adams, for humorous effect, continued to dub it a trilogy, to the extent of calling Mostly Harmless, "the fifth book in the increasingly inaccurately named trilogy".

The six Star Wars films are generally separated into two trilogies; the "original trilogy" (the three films released between 1977 and 1983) and the "prequel trilogy" (the three films released between 1999 and 2005, which take place before the original three films).

The creator of the Metal Gear series of video games, Hideo Kojima, has stated that three of the games in the series are to be considered a trilogy: Metal Gear Solid, Metal Gear Solid 2, and Metal Gear Solid 3. This is despite the fact that Metal Gear Solid continued the story of previous games Metal Gear and Metal Gear 2, the fact that Metal Gear Solid 3 is a prequel to the entire series, and the fact that the trilogy's story is continued in Metal Gear Solid 4.

Richard Wagner's epic series of operas, Der Ring des Nibelungen, is sometimes referred to as a trilogy even though it consists of four works: Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Siegfried, and Götterdämmerung. The first work, Das rheingold, is more correctly considered a prelude despite the fact that it is longer than most operas. After this prelude which sets up the story, the trilogy begins with Die Walküre. Performance of The Ring usually are billed as three nights plus a prelude.

[edit] Unofficial or mistaken trilogies

Dust jacket of a 1969 collected edition of The Lord of the Rings. J. R. R. Tolkien originally meant for the work to be published in one volume

Sometimes a trio of works is known as a trilogy not in regard to continuity, but rather to its creator. For example, before Quentin Tarantino's fourth film was released, his films Reservoir Dogs, Pulp Fiction, and Jackie Brown were sometimes referred to as "the Quentin Tarantino trilogy," although the stories of the three films did not interconnect.

Three works with similar themes from a creator may come to be known as a trilogy, especially if produced one after the other. The Steven Spielberg films A.I.: Artificial Intelligence, Minority Report, and Catch Me If You Can are unofficially known as "the running man trilogy," despite the vastly different settings and characters, because each featured a main character escaping a pursuer. Terry Gilliam has dubbed his films Time Bandits, Brazil and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen as "The Imagination Trilogy", in that each movie has to do with the imagination of humans in the three stages of life; child, man, elder man. Besides this, no obvious connections can be seen.

One of the most popular "trilogies" of fantasy books, The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien, is not a trilogy, though it is often referred to as such. Tolkien regarded it as a single work and divided it into a prologue, six books, and five appendices. Because of post-World War II paper shortages, it was originally published in three volumes. Sir Stanley Unwin, Tolkien's publisher, also split the novel into three parts to garner separate book reviews for each book of the 'trilogy', and thus (hopefully) spike book sales. It is still most commonly sold as three volumes, but has also been published in one-volume and seven-volume editions (as it is also split into six books and the appendices).

Occasionally, more than three works are planned but never finished. The Gormenghast fantasy trilogy is a trilogy by default, as author Mervyn Peake planned to write more novels set in that continuity until his health turned ill.

[edit] Famous trilogies

[edit] Novels

• The Barrytown Trilogy by Roddy Doyle
• The Border trilogy by Cormac McCarthy
• The Cairo trilogy by Naguib Mahfouz
• The Condor Trilogy (1957-61) by Jinyong
• The Deptford Trilogy, The Cornish Trilogy, The Salterton Trilogy by Robertson Davies
• The Eustace and Hilda trilogy by L. P. Hartley
• The Foundation Trilogy (1950-1953) by Isaac Asimov
• The Gormenghast trilogy by Mervyn Peake
• His Dark Materials trilogy by Philip Pullman
• The Malayan trilogy by Anthony Burgess
• The Mars trilogy (1992-96) by Kim Stanley Robinson
• The New York Trilogy (1985-86) by Paul Auster
• The Nova Trilogy (1961-64) by William S. Burroughs
• The Regeneration trilogy by Pat Barker
• The Space Trilogy (1938-45) by C. S. Lewis
• The Sprawl trilogy (1984-88) by William Gibson
• The Sword of Honour trilogy by Evelyn Waugh
• To the Ends of the Earth trilogy by William Golding
• The U.S.A. trilogy (1930-36) by John dos Passos
• The VALIS trilogy (1978-81) by Philip K. Dick

[edit] Movies

Main article: List of movie trilogies

• The Apu trilogy (1955-59), directed by Satyajit Ray and based on the works of author Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay
• The Dollars Trilogy (1964-66), directed by Sergio Leone
• The Godfather trilogy (1972-90), directed by Francis Ford Coppola
• The Indiana Jones Trilogy (1981 - 89), directed by Steven Spielberg
• The Lord of the Rings (2001-03), directed by Peter Jackson
• The Mariachi trilogy (1992-2003), directed by Robert Rodríguez
• The Qatsi trilogy (1983-2002), directed by Godfrey Reggio
• The original Star Wars trilogy (1977-1983) by George Lucas
• Three Colors Trilogy (1993-1994), directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski

[edit] Video games

Main article: List of video game trilogies

• The Sonic The Hedgehog trilogy, produced on Genesis.
• The Super Mario Bros. trilogy, produced on NES.
• The Donkey Kong Country trilogy, produced on Super NES, then came out on Game Boy Advance.
• The Kirby's Dream Land trilogy, two produced on Game Boy and one on SNES.
• Prince of Persia trilogy, produced on the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and GameCube.
• 2D Mortal Kombat trilogy, originally on arcade and then released to home consoles.
• NES Final Fantasy trilogy, produced originally on the NES/Famicom and then remade on later consoles and handhelds.
• Kingdom Hearts trilogy.
• Ultima is sometimes considered "Trilogy of Trilogies" Ultimas I-III are the "Age of Darkness", Ultimas IV-VI are the "Age of Enlightenment", and Ultimas VII-IX are the "Age of Armageddon".

[edit] Other uses

Trilogies differ from a triptych, which is a set of three related or connected paintings that are created at one time and designed to be viewed as a single work.

In boxing and other combat sports, a trilogy may refer to a series of three separately-scheduled matches between two fighters, usually with each winning the first two a third to settle the question of who is best.

[edit] See also

• Sequel
• Duology
• Tetralogy