Unstressed vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In English, an unstressed or reduced vowel is the vowel sound that forms the syllable peak of a syllable that has no lexical stress. This sound is typically a schwa, although there are other vowels that can be unstressed or reduced. A reduced vowel is one of the vowels that can only occur in unstressed syllables, like schwa, and an unstressed vowel is one of the vowels that can be stressed but is not.
[edit] Reduced vowels
Schwa is the most common reduced vowel in English, and may be denoted by any of the vowel letters:
- The a in about.
- The e in synthesis.
- The o in harmony.
- The u in medium.
The following are also schwas, except in dialects that have two distinct reduced vowels (see below).
- The i in decimal.
- The y in syringe.
Whereas the sound represented by the er in water is a schwa in non-rhotic accents like Received Pronunciation, in rhotic dialects like most of North American English, this sound is not a schwa sound; rather, the "er" designates an r-colored schwa, /ɚ/, which is pronounced like schwa, except the tongue is pulled back in the mouth and "bunched up".
In some dialects of English there is a distinction between two vowel heights of reduced vowels, schwa and barred i, the close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/. In the British phonetic tradition, /ɪ/ is used to transcribe this vowel in British English instead of /ɨ/, but the sound is the same. An example of a minimal pair contrasting schwa and barred i:
- The e in roses is a barred i
- The a in Rosa's is a schwa
The other sounds that can serve as the peak of reduced syllables are the syllabic consonants. The consonants that can be syllabic in English are the nasals /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, and /l/ (actually a dark [ɫ]). For example:
- The m in prism is sometimes a syllabic /m/.
- The on in button is a syllabic /n/ in dialects that pronounce intervocalic 't' as a glottal stop.
- The word and in the phrase lock and key in more rapid speech is sometimes pronounced as a syllabic /ŋ/.
- The le in cycle and bottle is a syllablic /l/.
[edit] Unstressed vowels
All the other vowels in English can occur in unstressed syllables, although whether an unreduced vowel in such a syllable is really unstressed or merely has secondary stress is debatable.
For example:
| vowel | example | IPA |
|---|---|---|
| /i/ | wily | ˈwaɪ.li |
| /eɪ/ | eliminate | ɛˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt |
| /ɛ/ | enlist | ɛn.ˈlɪst |
| /ɑ/ | neon | ˈni.ɑn |
| /æ/ | valet | væˈleɪ |
| /ɔ/ | catalog | ˈkæ.tə.lɔg |
| /oʊ/ | limo | ˈlɪmoʊ |
| /ʊ/ | fulfill | fʊl.ˈfɪl |
| /u/ | tofu | ˈtoʊ.fu |
| /aɪ/ | idea | aɪ.ˈdi.ə |
| /aʊ/ | pronoun | ˈpɹoʊ.naʊn |
| /ɔɪ/ | royale | ɹɔɪˈæl |
| /ju/ | menu | ˈmɛn.ju |
