Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity

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Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity, published in English in 2004, is a non-fiction work by political scientist and historian Samuel P. Huntington. The author addresses American self-identity at the beginning of the 21st century and argues for a re-affirmation of the country's Anglo-Protestant heritage. In the work, Huntington is decidedly ambivalent over the role of Latino, principally Mexican, immigration to the United States and views a resurgent Anglo-Protestantism as essential to avoiding a bifurcated, disunited America.

Huntington observes first that the United States is fundamentally a settler rather than an immigrant nation, and that the initial settlement was wholly driven by British Protestants who had an outsized effect on the subsequent values and direction of the country. He identifies long-standing characteristics as setting America apart from other western countries and the world at large, including an adherence to the American Creed, the Protestant work ethic, and the centrality of the religion to personal life.

What has made the work controversial is the degree to which Huntington believes these Anglo-Protestant notions are incompatible with the culture of Latinos entering the United States. He notes, for instance, a "lack of ambition" (the "tomorrow" culture) and "acceptance of poverty as a virtue necessary for entry into Heaven" as central to Hispanic attitudes. For this reason, the book has been criticized as xenophobic and unduly anti-Catholic nativist. Importantly, however, Huntington does not foreground Anglo-Protestantism as necessarily coterminous with an Anglo-Saxon ethnic group. He argues instead that Anglo-Protestant ideals have historically been and ought in future to remain central to American identity long after "WASPs" themselves cease to be a majority or even plurality of American citizens. Indeed, he believes that the salience of ethnic and racial identity is partly declining in the United States, a fact he views favourably.

The work more briefly addresses other emerging trends which may alter the course of American identity including the conflict with radical Islam.