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| Toyota MR2 | |
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| Producent | Toyota |
| Premiera | 1984 |
| Okres produkcji | 1984-1989 E-AW10 i E-AW11, 1990-1999 SW20, 1999 - 2007 ZZW30 |
| Miejsce produkcji | Tokio,Japonia |
| Segment | Sportowe |
| Typy nadwozia | coupé |
Toyota MR2 to dwumiejscowe sportowe coupé, z centralnie położonym silnikiem i tylnim napędem, produkowany od roku 1984 do Lipca roku 2007. W momencie zakończenia produkcji produkowane były 3 wersje tego samochodu. ZZW30 na rynek japoński przeznaczona była Toyota MR-S, w Stanach Zjednoczonych można było kupić Toyotę MR2 Spyder natomiast na rynku europejskim dostępna była Toyota MR2 Roadster.
Bardzo częstym błędem jest twierdzenie że MR2 było zaprojektowane przez firmę Lotus a składane i sprzedawane przez Toyotę. Lotus współpracował z Toyotą przy tym projekcie - chociażby jeden z ówczesnych inżynierów Lotusa pracował przy projekcie zawieszenia mimo to MR2 jest projektem Toyoty, Jednak ze względu na kształt, wielkość i ułożenie silnika, MR2 Często jest porównywane do różnych egzotycznych samochodów.
Spis treści |
[edytuj] Pochodzenie
Żywot MR2 rozpoczął sie w roku 1976 gdy Toyota rozpoczęła pracę nad nowym samochodem. W założeniach miał to być pojazd o niskim spalaniu i dużej przyjemności z jazdy. Początkowo celem projektu nie było stworzenie samochodu sportowego. Projektanci zasiedli do desek kreślarskich trzy lata później, w roku 1979. Toyota przez długi czas rozważała różne ułożenia silnika by uzyskać zamierzony cel. Po kolejnych trzech latach powstał poerwszy prototyp nazywany kodowo SA-X.
Samochód zaczął coraz bardziej odbiegać od początkowego projektu i przypominać samochód sportowy. Kolejne prototypy były intensywnie testowane na drogach Japonii oraz Kalifornii. Dużą ilosć testów głównie na torach wyścigowych takich jak Willow Springs, wykonał były kierowca Formuły 1 - Dan Gurney.
Toyota ujawniła swój koncept SV-3 jesienią roku 1983 na Tokyo Motor Show, wzbudzając duże zainteresowanie zarówno prasy jak i osób prywatnych. Premierę MR2 zaplanowano na wiosnę przyszłego roku - 1984 pod nazwą MR2, która była skrótem od "Midship Runabout 2-seater" co w tłumaczeniu oznacza dwumiejscowy samochód z centralnie umieszczonym silnikiem.
Toyota MR2 Była pierwszym seryjnie produkowanym japońskim samochodem z centralnie umieszczonym silnikiem, dostępnym dla osób prywatnych.
[edytuj] Pierwsza generacja AW10/AW11 (1984-1989)
| 1 Generacja | |
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| Producent | Toyota |
| Premiera | 1984 E-AW10 1984 E-AW11 |
| Okres produkcji | 1984-1989 |
| Miejsce produkcji | Tokio |
| Segment | Sportowe |
| Typy nadwozia | coupé |
| Silniki | 3A-U 4A-GE 4A-GZE |
| Skrzynia biegów | 5 |
| Długość | 3925 mm |
| Szerokość | 1665 mm |
| Wysokość | 1250 mm |
| Masa własna | 998 kg |
Mała i lekka MR2 (kodowo AW11), była czymś zaskakującym. Nikt nieoczekiwał od japońskiego producenta, znanego z praktycznych i ekonomicznych samochodów, takiej niespodzianki. Dwu-miejscowa MR2 definitywnie nie była praktyczna jako samochód rodzinny, szcególnie że założenia projektu bardzo obiegały od poprzednich dokonań Toyoty. Najważniejszymi aspektami była bardzo niska masa (wersja japonska 998kg natomiast wersja amerykańska 1066kg), niesamowita przyczepność i ekonomiczny aczkolwiek wydajny silnik.
Jako Serce swego maleństwa, Toyota wybrała silnik z serii 4A, a dokładniej 4A-GE o pojemności 1587cm3. Silnik ten to szesnasto-zaworowa rzędowa "4" typu DOHC, z wielopunktowym wtryskiem typu L-Jetronic firmy BOSCH i zmienną geometrią dolotu T-VIS, o maksymalnej mocy 128KM. Ten sam silnik użyty był w legendarnym modelu Toyoty Corolli "AE86".
Na rynek japoński został wprowadzony także bardziej ekonomiczny model (AW10) z silnikiem 3A-U o pojemności 1452cm3 jednak nie zyskał on większej popularności. Poniższa tabelka przedstawia wersje silnikowe AW10 i AW11 na różnuch rynkach świata, wraz z ich mocami.
| Wersje silników w MR2 pierwszej generacji na różnych rynkach | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nazwa | Typ | JPN  |
USA  |
AUS  |
EUR  |
| 3A-U | 1.5l, SOHC, 8v. | 90 KM | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 4A-GE | 1.6l, DOHC, 16v. | 130 KM | 112 KM | 118 KM | 124 KM |
| 4A-GZE | 1.6l, DOHC, 16v, Doładowany. | 145 KM | 145 KM | n.d. | n.d. |
W MR2 pierwsze zmiany wprowadzono w roku 1986. Miały one wpływ zarówno na wygląd jak i na sprawy techniczne. AW11 zyskało opcję dachu typu Targa (na rynku amerykańskim dopiero od 1987), wszysttkie listwy i zderzaki od tej pory były malowane w kolorach nadwozia a oprócz tego dodano mały przezroczysty spojler z tyłu dachu. Wewnątrz MR2 pojawiła się nowa, skórzana tapicerka. Pierwszą zmianą w mechanice była nowa 4-biegowa automatyczna skrzynia. W roku 1987 wprowadzono kolejne zmiany. Zmieniono tylne światła i koła. Jednak najważniejszymi zmianami były wymiana hamulców na większe oraz starej skrzyni C50 na nowszą, cięższą ale i wytrzymalszą C52. Wartą zauważenia zmianą był również brak tylnego stabilizatora (rozpórki) po roku 1985. W AW11 pojawiła się ona jeszcze tylko raz, w doładowanym modelu MR2 SC. Zmiana ta spowodowała obniżenie wartości jezdnych, dlatego modele seryjne z przed roku 1985 są bardziej cenione przez kierowców o sportowym zacięciu.
W roku 1987 (1988 w na rynku amerykańskim), Toyota wprowadziła nową opcję silnikową dla ludzi pragnących więcej mocy. Bazowany na tym samym bloku oraz głowicy nowy silnik 4A-GZE został wzmocniony sprężarką typu Roots, model SC-12 oraz Intercoolerem. Zwiększono kompresję, zmieniono kanały dolotowe i wylotowe oraz ustawienia rozrządu. Ta wersja MR2 charakteryzowała się mocą 145 KM i rozpędzała się do "setki" w 6.7s. Wersję SC wyposażono w nowe, sztywniejsze stabilizatory oraz wzmocniono w niej karoserię by zmaksymalizować sztywnosć i poprawić właściwości jezdne. Wersja SC nigdy nie pojawiła się na rynku europejskim.
Prasa motoryzacyjna przyjęła MR2 bardzo ciepło, podkreślając jej innowacyjność, doskonałe "czucie" drogi oraz doskonale pracujący silnik. W Stanach Zjednoczonych 2 najbardziej opiniotwórcze magazyny samochodowe tamtych czasów - Car & Driver oraz Road & Track, umieściły AW11 na liście najlepszych samochodów wśród rywali takich jak np. Ferrari Testarossa. Do malutkiej Toyoty przylgnęły przezwiska takie jak np. "Pocket Rocket" - czyli "Kieszonkowa Rakieta" czy "The Silver Bullet" - "Srebrny Pocisk" dla egzemplarzy malowanych na srebrno.
[edytuj] Second generation / SW20 (1990-1999)
Szablon:Infobox Automobile generation
The MR2 went through a complete redesign in 1989, when the new Mark II body was produced. No 1990 MR2s were produced for North America. The new MR2, designated SW20 (in America the chassis codes were SW22 for the turbocharged model and SW21 for the naturally-aspirated model), was longer, wider and heavier than its predecessor and had smoother bodylines. While the AW11 was a pure sports car, made in the spirit of Lotus, the SW20, being quite larger, could be classed as a GT-car. Since the resemblance between the Ferrari 348tb and the Ferrari F355 and the new MR2 was quite striking, the SW20 is sometimes referred to as a "poor man's Ferrari". Indeed, many bodykits became available to make the SW20 imitate the Ferrari F355 with, sometimes, indistinguishable results.
When the SW20 went on sale in spring 1990, it was offered with four different engine choices depending on the market area. All engines were 1998 cc I4 engines with DOHC and 16 valves, excluding the naturally-aspirated US model which used the 2164 cc 5S-FE engine. The most powerful engine was the turbocharged 3S-GTE, which was available in Japan at 220 hp (164 kW) (as the MR2 GT) and the USA at 200 hp (149 kW) (as the MR2 Turbo). Europeans had to settle for the naturally-aspirated 156 hp (116 kW) 3S-GE engine. The Japanese MR2 GT model was able to accelerate from 0-100 km/h in 5.6 s.
Keeping with the unique styling cues of the MK-I, the MK-II was offered with several choices of roof type for U.S. sale. Standard in the lineup was a hardtop coupe. Optionally the car could be ordered with either a T-top roof (commonly referred to as the T-bar option) or a moon roof option. The SW20's entry to the market was not quite as smooth as the AW11's. Toyota's goal was to make the car's suspension geometry work the same way that true supercars do. This made the SW20's cornering abilities quite excellent, but it was much too easy for an inexperienced driver to make a mistake, leading to sudden oversteer (also called "snap oversteer") which can result in a spin unless the driver reacts both quickly and correctly. This trait was not considered very desirable among the press, because the MR2, unlike expensive supercars, was priced so that even "average people" were able to buy one. Some magazines stated that the SW20 was downright dangerous to drive.
To respond to the feedback they had received, Toyota changed the 1993 model to include wider rear tires and changed the rear suspension, mainly the vehicle's height, shock absorbing properties and longer rear toe links, so that the car would be more consistent and less prone to "snap oversteer". Along with the suspension changes, the SW20 also got new 15" wheels to fit the larger brakes that were also introduced. Some shifting problems which affected the first revisions (1990-1991) were remedied with stronger dual synchronization rings.
The next big change occurred in 1994, when Japanese SW20s received some small new engine mods for each model and some considerable changes to its exterior. For Japanese market cars, the 3S-GTE switched to the use of a MAP-sensor (as opposed the Air Flow Meter (AFM)), in addition to the removal of T-VIS in favor of smaller intake ports, a lower compression ratio and a new Ceramic CT20b (1990-1993 had CT26 Ceramic Turbo Chargers) turbocharger running an increased turbo boost pressure increased the maximum power to 245 PS (180 kW). The normally aspirated 3S-GE received fewer changes but still improved its maximum power to 172 hp (128.3 kW). The US market still received the 200hp variant from 1991-1995. New round taillights and a color-coded center panel replaced the old square-shaped lights and the rear grille. The original three-piece rear spoiler was replaced with the lighter one-piece spoiler which attached only to the trunklid. The side stripes and skirts were also color coded, and the "dot matrix" pattern on the glass was replaced with a solid pattern. The steering wheel was also replaced with a slightly smaller model, now universally shared across many Toyota models (the "MR2" insignia was replaced with the Toyota symbol). 1995 was the last year Toyota sold the Mk II in North America. In 1996, the front and side signals were changed to use a clear lens but no other modifications were made. The 1998 model, known as the "Revision 5" model, came modern looking 5 spoke 15" alloy wheels, a more aggressive spoiler, and a leather shift knob with red style baseball stitching.
On the SW20's last production year in 1999, the car was updated with a few significant changes. While the turbocharged engine remained the same, in JDM models the normally aspirated 3S-GE engine was equipped with Toyota's VVT-i system which allowed the timing of the intake camshafts to be modified according to the engine's rotation speed and load. This, and some other changes improved the engine's power output to a respectable 198 PS (148 kW). All models also received new wheels, optional Recaro seats, and a three-way adjustable rear spoiler.
The SW20 has become a major collector's car since the 2003 Ultimate Street Car Challenge win of Brad Bedell and his yellow V6-powered MR2. The 1MZ-FE motor, that comes from the V6 powered Solara and Camry, has quickly become a popular modification as the expense of switching to the V6 motor is roughly in line with installing a turbocharged motor into a formerly naturally aspirated car.
[edytuj] SW20 TRD2000GT
In 1998, Toyota Racing Development [1] offered an official kit body conversion and tuning program for MR2 owners to transform their existing SW20 MR2 into a widebody TRD2000GT kit replica car. This was to pay homage to the wins by their TRD2000GTs in the GT-C Japanese racing series, the TRD2000GT racing series cars were based on the SW20 floorpan. Toyota also did the same with their Supra Twin Turbo model, offering a conversion service to transform these cars into a TRD3000GT[2].
In order to ensure exclusivity, a high price tag was charged and total of just 35 factory car conversions were completed by Toyota Technocraft Ltd. Each official Technocraft car converted was made using lightweight fibreglass components (in place of heavy steel original parts: front fenders, trunk lid extension, rear quarter panels, gas door, front and rear bumpers, 3-piece wing) and re-classified as completely new cars (with their own specially numbered TRD vin plate riveted to the body to indicate their authenticity and rarity).
The Toyota Technocraft Ltd. TRD2000GT had a 60 mm (2.4 in) wider front and rear track (due to the addition of wider wheels and tires) which improved handling considerably over the original equipment. Virtually every car converted also had other TRD parts fitted too including extensive changes to both the suspension and engine. Most cars left the factory making more power due to TRD bolt-ons, some cars even left the factory boasting up to 500 PS (493 hp/368 kW) and less than 1100 kg (2425 lb) for a very impressive power to weight ratio. While TRD Japan only offered a small number of kits with all body parts required for third-party conversion, Toyota Technocraft Ltd. offered complete car conversions.
Only 3 complete Toyota Technocraft Ltd. cars are known to have been shipped into Europe with only 10 complete cars allocated to TRD USA for the entire American market. This makes these officially built Toyota Technocraft Ltd. TRD2000GTs the rarest of all MR2s and ultimately the most sought after and difficult to find. It is unknown how many original Toyota Technocraft Ltd.(non factory replica) cars still exist today, but it is known that a small number of conversion kits were imported from TRD Japan into the US for USDM Conversions. In many respects the extended body can be compared to that of a Porsche Turbo widebody. The car track width is extended and body dimensions dramatically changing the cars overall visuals, giving the car a "supercar" look, and also better handling and weight reduction. Very little is known about these cars outside of Japan.[3]
[edytuj] SARD MC8-R
Szablon:Racing car
The Sard MC8-R was a modified and lengthened version of the SW20 built for GT racing by Toyota's works team SARD (Sigma Advanced Research Development). The MC8-R housed a twin turbo version of the 1UZ-FE V8 giving out 600bhp.[1] Eligible for the GT1 category, the MC8-R lacked pace against the new generation supercars and homologation specials such as McLaren F1, but did compete alongside a similarly modified Toyota Supra. Later that year the car attempted the 1000km Suzuka, this time managing to finish. The MC8-R made its first outing in the 1995 24 Hours of Le Mans where it retired after 14 laps. It reappeared at Le Mans the following year, finishing 24th, the second last position of cars that were still running. The car would attempt the 1997, only for it not to make it past pre-qualifying stage.[2] Two cars were entered in the FIA GT Championship round at the 1000km Suzuka, but neither car managed to finish. It was replaced for the following year with the GT-One.
One MC8 road car was built in order to meet homologation requirements, but its current whereabouts are unknown.
[edytuj] Third generation / ZZW30 (1999-2007)
Szablon:Infobox Automobile generation
After having been in the market for almost ten years, the SW20 had to move aside as Toyota released the new MR2, designated ZZW30. The new MR2 was, in a way, a return to the design concept of the AW11 since the weight of the car was once again dropped below a tonne and it was significantly smaller than the SW20. The biggest change was, however, the replacement of the solid, T-Top, and sunroof roof options with a true convertible soft top, giving the car the 'Spyder' designation. Due to a new car design rule from SAE (The Society of Automotive Engineers), the pop-up headlights as seen on SW20 had to be removed.
Many claim that this car was inspired by Porsche Boxster which was released in 1996, due to its similar appearance. However, the first prototype of MR-S appeared in 1997 at Tokyo Motorshow, which had slightly more angled and rigid appearance than the current production model. The production model includes additional curves for a more aerodynamic and appealing look. The MR2 Spyder chief engineer Harunori Shiratori once said "First, we wanted true driver enjoyment, blending good movement, low inertia and light weight. Then, a long wheelbase to achieve high stability and fresh new styling; a mid-engine design to create excellent handling and steering without the weight of the engine up front; a body structure as simple as possible to allow for easy customizing, and low cost to the consumer."
In Japan, the car is called the MR-S, which purportedly is derived from the forementioned designation. Toyota changed the American name to "MR2 Spyder" reportedly because the idea of a car with the nickname of "Mrs." would sound funny. In spite of this effort, the car is referred to as the "Mrs. 2" by some enthusiasts. The 1999 MR2 Spyder was an element of Toyota Project Genesis, a failed effort to bring younger buyers to the marque in the United States.
The engine of the ZZW30 was the brand-new all-aluminium 1ZZ-FED, a 1794 cc I4. Like its predecessors, the engine used dual overhead camshafts and 16 valves. The intake camshaft timing was adjustable via the VVT-i system, which was introduced earlier on the 1998 SW20. Unlike its predecessors, however, the engine was placed onto the car the other way round, making the exhaust manifold point towards the rear of the car. The 138 hp (104 kW) maximum power was quite a drop from the SW20 GT, but thanks to the lightness of the car it could move quite quickly, accelerating from 0 to 100 km/h in 7.0 to 8.3 s depending on the transmission option, the Sequential Manual being unable to launch and shift as quickly as the clutch operated manual. The car only weighs 975kg (2150lbs) with the 5 speed manual or 997kg (2200lbs) with the SMT, making this model MR2 the lightest of the MR2 series. In addition to the 5-speed manual transmission, a 5-Speed or 6 speed Sequential Manual Transmission (SMT) controllable from 2 pairs of buttons on the steering wheel was also available. SMT is standard feature in Australian market, however air conditioning was optional. After 2003, a 6-speed SMT was an option.
The feedback for the new model was somewhat mixed - some liked its return to the AW11's design concept, while the fans of the SW20 would've liked it to continue along the path of the previous model. All agreed, however, that the ZZW30 had nearly perfect handling. The ZZW30 is considered to be the best-handling MR2. For example, Tiff Needell, a very experienced race driver and the former host of the BBC TV show Top Gear, praised the handling of the ZZW30. Although some complained of the relative lack of power the vehicle had, many owners have recently discovered a way to switch out the 1ZZ-FE engine in exchange for the 180 hp 2ZZ-GE. This drastically brings up the accelerating properties of the ZZW30. During a comparison test during a Japanese motorsports show, "NA vs. Turbo", the Techno Spirits ZZW30, outdrove several more powerful cars. However, the driver of the ZZW30, Manabu Orido, allowed the other vehicles (a much higher powered S15 Silvia, S14 Silvia, and Amuse S2000) to catch up (in an effort to demonstrate the difference between NA and turbo) and ended in the ZZW30 losing to the higher powered S15 Silvia. Although it lost, the ZZW30 proved the top-class handling abilities of the ZZW30. On race tracks, a stock ZZW30 has a superior handling around the corners but lacks power in the straights.
The Techno Pro Spirit MR-S was also the first car to be able to beat Tsuchiya's champion AE86 in its own grounds, the touge.
Another effective and typical modification to the MR-S is the addition of a turbocharger. Many companies such as Power Enterprise, Top Secret, Tom's, TTE, Monkeywrench Racing and Hass supply simple bolt-on kits for the MR-S. This simple addon can easily bring the car to 200bhp+, at only a low boost of 4-5psi. In a video by BMI, Tom's Turbo MR-S came only a split second behind the Techno 2zz MR-S at the touge. However, there is no doubt that the MR-S in turbo guise would easily outrun the 2zz MR-S in the straights.
In the JGTC/SuperGT GT300 class, a Reckless MR-S driven by Kota Sasaki & Tetsuya Yamano is the current 2005 champion. Previously in 2002 Morio Nitta & Shinichi Takagis' ARTA Toyota MR-S also won the GT300.
The MR-S was originally introduced in October of 1999 to the consumer market and received a sequential transmission in August 2000. For 2003, the ZZW30 received some exterior changes, including a new front bumper, front and rear lights, a new rear grille, and the computer also received an upgrade allowing the gears to change and engage much quicker than the pre-2003 models which were equipped with the sequential manual transmission. The air intakes on the sides of the car were now color coded and the interior was modified with new seats and a gauge cluster. The rear wheels were increased to 16" with larger 215 mm tires, while the front ones remained at 15" and 185 mm tread width. The suspension was uprated with new springs and shock absorbers and a brace was added to the bottom of the car to improve rigidity. A limited-slip differential was also available from the factory. For 2004, the body was strengthened, adding 10 kg to the vehicle's weight.
In July 2004, Toyota announced that the MR2 (as well as the Celica) would be discontinued in the US at the end of the 2005 model year because of increasing competition and lack of sales. [4] The ZZW30 sold 7,233 units in its debut year, falling to just 121 for the 2005 model, for a total of 23,868 through its six years of production in the US. However, it is still sold in Mexico, Europe and Japan. The 2006 model year is the last for the MR2, with the United Kingdom getting 300 final models in a special numbered TF300 series. A special 182 bhp turbocharged variant called the TTE Turbo (TTE standing for Toyota Team Europe) is available as a dealer installed package. This package is also available for fitting to older Mk. III MR2s.
[edytuj] MR-S V Edition
While the MR2 Spyder was not sold after 2005 in the United States, it was offered in Japan and the United Kingdom until early 2007. As a farewell to the MR2, Toyota produced 1000 limited-edition "V Edition" MR-S cars for those respective markets. They are distinguished by different wheels, titanium interior accents, certain slightly modified body panels, a helical limited slip, and different steering wheel trim.
[edytuj] Future
For two decades, the MR2 has been popular among enthusiasts around the world, offering an affordable way to experience handling of a mid-engine sports car. Toyota is cutting down its selection of sports cars and replacing them with less aggressive "sports packages" offered on their more sedate cars. Many had hoped that Toyota would continue MR2 production because the leap along the price-axis to the next alternatives (Porsche Boxster, Lotus Elise and Exige, Honda NSX) is so large that many enthusiasts would have to settle for a front-engined car, should the MR2 be discontinued. There was speculation that the 2005 model could be a hybrid car. However, the MR2 was discontinued after the 2005 model year. Recent sightings of Toyota testing a heavily disguised mid-engine roadster have led some car magazines to speculate that a new MR2 is in the works.[5]
[edytuj] References
Szablon:Reflist
