Démografi
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Démografi nyaéta élmu ngeunaan dinamika populasi manusa, nu ngawengku panalungtikan ukuran, struktur, jeung sébaran populasi, sarta kumaha parobahan populasi sajalan jeung nyérélékna waktu ku ayana nu babar, maot, migrasi, jeung nambahna umur. Analisis démografis bisa nujul ka masarakat sagemblengna atawa ka golongan nu ditangtukeun ku kriteria kayaning atikan, bangsa, ageman, atawa suku.
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[édit] Data jeung métode
Démografi mercayakeun kana ngagunakeun data dina jumlah anu gedé, kaasup sénsus kalahiran, pernikahan jeung tilar dunya. The earliest modern census was carried out in Britain in 1801. See also demographic statistics.
In many countries, particularly in the third world, reliable demographic data are still difficult to obtain. For example, during the 1980s the population of Nigeria was widely estimated to be around 110 million, before it was established to be as little as 89 million (without adjustment for undercounting) in a census carried out in 1991.
[édit] Konsép-konsép penting
Konsép-konsép nu penting dina démografi di antarana:
- laju babar kasar, jumlah nu babar per saréwu jalma per taun
- laju kasuburan umum, jumlah nu babar per saréwu wanoja umur subur (biasana dianggap antara umur 15-49 taun, atawa nepi ka 44 taun) per taun
- laju kasuburan spésifik-umur, jumlah nu babar per saréwu wanoja nu umurna digolong-golongkeun (biasana umur 15-19, 20-24 jst.) per taun
- The crude death rate, the annual number of deaths per 1000 people.
- The infant mortality rate, the annual number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per thousand live births.
- The expectation of life (or life expectancy), the number of years which an individual at a given age can expect to live at present mortality levels.
- The total fertility rate, the number of live births per woman completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age reflected current age-specific fertility rates.
- The gross reproduction rate, the number of daughters who would be born to a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility rates.
- The net reproduction rate is the number of daughters who would be born to a woman according to current age-specific fertility and mortality rates.
Note that the crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression. For example, the number of deaths per 1000 people can be higher for developed nations than in less-developed countries, despite standards of health being better in developed countries. This is because developed countries have relatively more older people, who are more likely to die in a given year, so that the overall mortality rate can be higher even if the mortality rate at any given age is lower. A more complete picture of mortality is given by a life table which summarises mortality separately at each age. A life table is necessary to give a good estimate of life expectancy.
[édit] History
Among the earliest contributions to demography were the works of Thomas Malthus. Malthus concluded that, if unchecked, populations would be subject to exponential growth. He feared that population growth would tend to outstrip growth in food production, leading to ever increasing famine and poverty (see Malthusian catastrophe). Later more sophisticated and realistic models were presented by e.g. Gompertz and Verhulst.
[édit] The demographic transition
Contrary to Malthus' predictions, natural population growth in most developed countries has diminished to close to zero, without being held in check by famine or lack of resources, as people in developed nations have shown a tendency to have fewer children. The fall in population growth has occurred despite large rises in life expectancy in these countries.
Similar trends are now becoming visible in ever more developing countries, so that far from spiralling out of control, world population growth is expected to slow markedly in the next century, coming to an eventual standstill. The change is likely to be accompanied by major shifts in the proportion of world population in particular regions.
This pattern of population growth, with slow growth in preindustrial societies, followed by fast growth as the society develops and industrialises, followed by slow growth again as it becomes more affluent, is known as the demographic transition.
The term demographics is often used erroneously for demography, but refers rather to selected population characteristics as used in marketing or opinion research.
[édit] Tumbu kaluar
- The Population Reference Bureau has two introduction to demography texts on line. "Population Handbook" and "Population: A Lively Introduction".
- Brief review of world basic demographic trends Review of world changes in population and growth, infant mortality, fertility and age distributions.
- Brief review of world socio-demographic trends Review of world changes in urbanization, education and ethnolinguistic fractionalization.
- Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow: URSS, 2006 [1].
