Alfred Wainwright
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Alfred ("A.") Wainwright MBE (17 January 1907 – 1991) was a British hillwalker, guidebook author and illustrator. His seven-volume Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, published between 1955 and 1966 and consisting entirely of reproductions of his hand-written manuscript, has become the standard reference work to the 214 fells of the English Lake District. Among his 40-odd other books is the first guide to the Coast to Coast Walk, a 190-mile long-distance footpath devised by Wainwright which remains popular today.
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[edit] Early life
Alfred Wainwright was born into a poor family in Blackburn, Lancashire. His father was a stonemason and an alcoholic. Despite doing well at school he left at the age of 13 and started work as an office boy in Blackburn Borough Engineer's Department. He spent several further years studying at night school, gaining qualifications in accountancy which enabled him to further his career at the Borough Council. Even when a child Wainwright walked a great deal, up to 20 miles at a time; he also showed a great interest in drawing and cartography, producing his own maps of England and his local area.
In 1930, at the age of 23, Wainwright saved up enough money for a week's walking holiday in the Lake District with his cousin Eric Beardsall. They arrived in Windermere and climbed the nearby hill Orrest Head, where Wainwright saw his first view of the Lakeland fells. This moment marked the start of what he would later describe as his love-affair with the Lake District.
In 1941 Wainwright was able to move closer to the fells when he took a job (and with it a pay cut) at the Borough Treasurer's office in Kendal. He lived and worked in the town for the rest of his life, serving as Borough Treasurer from 1948 until he retired in 1967.
[edit] Pictorial Guides
Wainwright started work on the first page of his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells on 9 November 1952.[1] He planned the precise scope and content of the seven volumes from the start, and worked conscienciously and meticulously on the series for the next 13 years at the rate of one page per evening.
According to Wainwright in his autobiography Fellwanderer, he initially planned the series for his own interest rather than with any intention of publication. When he did come to publish his first book it was privately through a local printer, as he could not face the prospect of finding a publisher; however, his friend Henry Marshall, Chief Librarian of Kendal and Westmorland, took charge of publicity and administration and his name appears as publisher on the early editions. This arrangement continued for the first editions of the next three books in the series, after which they were taken over by the local newspaper The Westmorland Gazette in Kendal. Wainwright's books were in turn taken over by Michael Joseph in the 1990s. When they ceased publication in 2003,[1] the rights were bought by Frances Lincoln.[2]
The Pictorial Guides are currently being updated, for the first time since their original publication, to take account of changed conditions on the fells. The revisions are being made by Chris Jesty, who uses an imitation of Wainwright's hand lettering to make the alterations look as unobtrusive as possible. As of 2006 the first three books in the series have been issued in a revised edition, with the project planned for completion in 2012.
[edit] Later works
Wainwright followed the Pictorial Guides in 1968 with the Pennine Way Companion, applying the same detailed approach to Britain's first long-distance footpath. This was for many years a leading guide to the Pennine Way, rivalling the official guide book by Tom Stephenson. Wainwright's book consists of a continuous strip map of the route with accompanying commentary, with an unusual quirk: because the route goes from south to north (bottom to top on a map), contrary to normal reading order, the map and commentary start at the bottom of the last page and work upwards and backwards towards the front of the book. The guide was prepared with the aid of four helpers (Harry Appleyard, Len Chadwick, Cyril Moore and Lawrence Smith) and its preparation was affected by the major outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in 1966 and 1967, which closed access to many of the moors.
In 1972 Wainwright devised the Coast to Coast Walk, partly as a conscious alternative to the Pennine Way. (the Coast to Coast, he declares in his guidebook to the route, which follows the same format as the Pennine Way Companion, "beats the Pennine Way hollow" for scenic variety and interest.) The 190-mile route traverses the north of England from St Bees to Robin Hood's Bay, passing through the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors national parks.
"The Outlying Fells Of Lakeland" in 1974 (an idea he'd previously rejected)was his last major guidebook. Thereafter he concentrated on sketchbooks of larger size line drawings until his eyesight began to fail in the mid-80s by which time he was starting to become a TV personality with several series based on his work largely devised and presented by the farmer and broadcaster Eric Robson. His "Ex-FellWanderer" an auto-biographical work published in 1987 was clearly intended to be his last written work - to the relief of some shocked by the misogyny and ultra-right views it revealed- but he continued to lend his name and some written commentary to a series of "coffee table" books featuring the photography of Derry Brabbs. Although commercially successful these were not highly regarded by fans of Wainwright's earlier work as they contained little new information and the octogenarian's prose had become stilted and humourless.
[edit] Legacy
Wainwright died in 1991 of a heart attack. According to his biographer Hunter Davies he failed to leave anything to his disabled son Peter, the product of his first, unhappy marriage.
Wainwright's Pictorial Guides have been in continuous publication since they were written and have sold more than two million copies.[2] Although a large number of more up-to-date guides are now on the market, his books remain among the most popular available for their depth, detail and unique style; moreover, his division of the Lake District into seven areas, and his choice of fells to include, have been followed in whole or in part by subsequent writers such as Mark Richards.[3] The Coast to Coast Walk too is one of the most popular long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom despite its lack of official status, and has spawned various guidebooks by other authors; in 2003 it was voted the second best walk in the world in a survey of experts conducted by Country Walking magazine.[3] The popularity of Wainwright's books of drawings and large-format photographic books has not matched that of the guides, however, and many of these are now out of print.
The 214 fells described in the Pictorial Guides are now generally known as the Wainwrights, and visiting them all is a common form of peak bagging. According to Alan Castle of the Long Distance Walkers' Association, 331 people were known to have climbed all the Wainwrights as of 2003; Dave Hewitt estimates that the actual number of completionists lies around the 500 mark.[4]
Wainwright was a strong supporter of animal rights, and gave most of the profits from his books to animal charities. In 1972 he became chairman of the recently founded Animal Rescue Cumbria, and over the years he donated enough money to the charity to enable the foundation in 1984 of Kapellan, a shelter for stray cats and dogs in Kendal. After his death the society was renamed "Animal Rescue Cumbria – The Wainwright Shelter" in his memory.[5]
The Wainwright Society was inaugurated in 2002, with the aim of keeping alive the things he promoted through his books. A BBC Drama Documentary has been shot about Wainwright's life and should be aired in 2007
[edit] Bibliography
This is a list of the principal books by Wainwright published in his lifetime. He also produced several further books of drawings and illustrated works by other authors notably "The Plague Dogs" by Richard Adams in which his maps are fairly essential for following the dogs' progress .[6]
[edit] Guidebooks
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- Book 1: The Eastern Fells (1955)
- Book 2: The Far Eastern Fells (1957)
- Book 3: The Central Fells (1958)
- Book 4: The Southern Fells (1960)
- Book 5: The Northern Fells (1962)
- Book 6: The North Western Fells (1964)
- Book 7: The Western Fells (1966)
- Pennine Way Companion (1968)
- Walks in Limestone Country (1970)
- Walks on the Howgill Fells (1972)
- A Coast to Coast Walk (1973)
- The Outlying Fells of Lakeland (1974)
- Walks from Ratty (1978)
[edit] Books of drawings
- A Lakeland Sketchbook (1969)
- A Second Lakeland Sketchbook (1970)
- A Third Lakeland Sketchbook (1971)
- A Fourth Lakeland Sketchbook (1972)
- A Fifth Lakeland Sketchbook (1973)
- Westmorland Heritage (1974)
- Scottish Mountain Drawings (6 vols, 1974–1978)
- A Dales Sketchbook (1976)
- Kendal in the 19th Century (1977)
- A Second Dales Sketchbook (1978)
- A Furness Sketchbook (1978)
- A Second Furness Sketchbook (1979)
- Three Westmorland Rivers (1979)
- A Lune Sketchbook (1980)
- A Ribble Sketchbook (1980)
- An Eden Sketchbook (1980)
- Lakeland Mountain Drawings (5 vols, 1980–1984)
[edit] Autobiographical works
- Fellwanderer: The Story Behind the Guidebooks (1966)
- Ex-Fellwanderer (1987)
- A Pennine Journey: The Story of a Long Walk in 1938 (1987)
[edit] Colour illustrated books
- Fellwalking with Wainwright (1984), with Derry Brabbs
- Wainwright on the Pennine Way (1985), with Derry Brabbs
- Wainwright's Coast to Coast Walk (1987), with Derry Brabbs
- Wainwright in the Lakeland Mountain Passes (1989), with Derry Brabbs
- Wainwright in the Limestone Dales (1991), with Ed Gelgard
- Wainwright's Favourite Lakeland Mountains (1991), with Derry Brabbs
- Wainwright in the Valleys of Lakeland (1992), with Derry Brabbs
[edit] Notes
- ^ W.R. Mitchell, "Solo walks and evening work: Wainwright remembered" in Dave Hewitt (ed.), A Bit of Grit on Haystacks (Disley: Millrace, 2004), p. 23
- ^ "Wainwright guides saved", BBC News, 13 February 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2761445.stm. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ "Coast walk tops trek to Everest", BBC News, 23 November 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/4034485.stm. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ Dave Hewitt, "Interlude: A few thoughts on Fellbagging" in Hewitt (ed.), A Bit of Grit on Haystacks (Disley: Millrace, 2004), pp. 87–88
- ^ Dorothy Schofield, "Animal Rescue Cumbria – Kapellan", The Wainwright Society, http://www.wainwright.org.uk/article/kapellan.html. Retrieved 22 October 2006
- ^ Bibliography based on the list at www.visitcumbria.com – A Wainwright, accessed 19 October 2006.
[edit] References
[edit] See also
W. A. Poucher - whose mountain guidebook style and intensive use of photographs were in contrast to Wainwright's.
[edit] Further reading
- Davies, Hunter (1995). Wainwright: The Biography. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0718139097.
- Hewitt, Dave (ed.) (2004). A Bit of Grit on Haystacks: A Celebration of Wainwright. Disley: Millrace. ISBN 1-902173-17-1.
