Heat-Ray
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A Heat-Ray is the primary offensive weapon used by the Martians in the H. G. Wells's classic science fiction novel The War of the Worlds.
Within the context of the novel, the term Heat-Ray is more commonly applied to the destructive energy it projects and not the weapon itself. The weapon that fires the Heat-Ray is described as a type of object that resembles a box or camera in which the fire is generated. This case is carried by one of the metallic arms of the Martians' fighting-machines.
The Heat-Ray is essentially a directed-energy weapon that incinerates anything it comes into contact with. It instantly sets ablaze flesh, vegetation and anything else flammable. When the Heat-Ray hits water, it almost instantly turns it into steam. It is also capable of melting metal.
The novel explains the origin of the Heat-Ray as an intense beam of heat generated in a chamber of absolute nonconductivity, which is then projected against a parabolic mirror towards whatever target the Martians wish to incinerate. While the Heat-Ray is photonic in nature, passages in the novel describe the beam as invisible, with the only visible element being a flash emitted from the chamber while the Heat-Ray is fired. The Heat-Ray also possesses considerable range, striking targets at distances of at least two miles.
A thing to note is that if an actual energy weapon were to be constructed, it would probably operate much in the style of the Heat-Ray, without any visible "energy bolts" that are present in many science-fiction books and movies involving combat, such as Star Wars.
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[edit] In other adaptations
The Heat-Ray is one of the most common features of virtually every adapation of the story. Many adaptations adhere fairly well to the characteristics given in the novel, such as the radio adapatation, even reciting near verbatim descriptions of how the device operates.
One of the few inconsistencies with the novel in the Jeff Wayne musical, as depicted in the artwork, is that the Heat-Ray generator is illustrated to be located within the hood of the machine, protruding from the hood, resembling a proboscis.
In the loyal adaptation, H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds, the generator is held by a small arm that extends from atop the hood of the machine (not one of the many visible arms they use to take humans). Three metallic fingers hold a type of disc that spins rapidly, generating the Heat-Ray.
The Great Illustrated Classics adaptation of The War of the Worlds portrays the Heat-Ray as a massive flamethrower.
[edit] 1953 film
For the 1953 film version, the Martians use a combination of three rays, one Heat-Ray on top of their ships which fire red sparks, and two disintegrator rays at the side, which are shown as green energy blobs. These two can only be pointed in the direction the ship is facing, while the one at the top can be pointed in any direction. Both types of the Heat-Ray have a less violent effect on its target as most of what they would hit would begin to glow and then vanish, sometimes leaving a stain as a remainder; the Heat-Ray differs from the disintegrators (also called "skeleton beam") as the former sets the surrounding environment ablaze as well as vaporizing the target. Although, oftentimes, the Heat-Ray does have a simple destructive effect on certain objects; other times, the ray would set objects ablaze or cause them to explode (as shown when the machines reach Los Angeles). In one scene, General Mann states that it is likely the Martians generate radiation without using heavy screening to power their rays. Dr. Clayton Forrester explained how these Heat-Rays worked as such:
"It neutralizes mesons somehow. They're the atomic glue holding matter together. Cut across their lines of magnetic force and any object will simply cease to exist."
[edit] TV series
As a sequel to the 1953 film, the Heat-Ray's use in the War of the Worlds TV series is rather notable. Aside from their employment in the first episode (its destruction replayed in the opening credit sequence in subsequent episodes of the season), the main Heat-Ray is put to more attention in an episode in which the aliens are unable to unearth a buried warship from a recon mission and are forced to remove the gooseneck device from the ship and strap it atop a hearse. The aliens' mission in this episode is put to end when the Heat-Ray hits them after being reflected off a makeshift parabolic mirror, an ironic nod to how the Heat-Ray is explained to have worked in the novel and radio play.
The series also offered perhaps the most unique take on the established weapon, not employed by a war machine, but rather as a personal weapon. "The Second Seal" episode deals with the discovery of archives that contain remnants of the 1953 invasion. Among the material found is a boomerang-shaped weapon that fires Heat-Rays. These rays are the kind of green blobs fired from the tips of their warships, and are similarly shot from the ends of the object.
The Heat-Rays featured in the series mirror the same power of the film it is based on. This includes the variation between their ability to visibly destroy something as well as simply making a target disappear. Although the word "Heat-Ray" is never applied in the series as it is in the 1953 or updated 2005 film, the term used in one episode is "death ray".
[edit] Steven Spielberg film
In Steven Spielberg's War of the Worlds adaptation of Wells' novel, the Heat-Ray is portrayed as bluish-white arcs (not rays) that appear to have a dehydrating effect (total removal of water) on living objects such as animals, and a 'disruptive' effect on other objects. For example, when humans are hit by the ray, they are turned into a grey powder (possibly ash), while their clothes remain unaffected, but a bridge in one scene is thrown from its pylons (as if physically struck) when hit by the ray, and in an earlier scene, brick-and-wood buildings are either destroyed or catch on fire. In the middle of the movie, it's also possible to see a video showing an army of tripods destroying a city, and the video shows the Heat-Ray hitting buildings, these collapse when hit, suggesting that they have their supports destroyed.
Curiously, human clothing does not seem to be affected by the ray (though this can be explained by the explosive vaporisation of the human causing the clothing to be blown away from the beam and only lose moisture, rather than catch fire as evidenced by the falling clothes being lighter), although it goes up after the disintegration of its owner, creating a clothing-rain after the massive-extermination. The ray is also able to destroy buildings by weakening their supports and causing them to collapse, to cut an entire steel suspension bridge into relatively small pieces, and to push cars away. It seems to cause desiccation in living tissue (drain it of water) and have a disruptive effect on material objects. The visual and audio effects for the ray would indicate (along with Spielberg's intention) an electrical weapon (electron particle beam). The effect of such a concentrated beam of electrons hitting organic matter would cause instant vaporisation, start fires and have enough momentum to push objects. The blue-green-red colouring would be down to different matter ionising in its path, much like lightning can be varying colours depending on the atmosphere it passes through (lightning has also managed to strike people and make them fly through the air whilst moderately singed). This weapon is somewhat different from the infrared weapon from the book.
[edit] Similar weapons in other scenarios
[edit] Independence Day
A weapon very similar to the Heat-Ray is used in the 1996 film Independence Day. In this film, the ray was fired from the bottom of the aliens' giant ships. The ray usually struck the tallest building in the area, and from there would generate a gigantic wall of flame which would continuously expand with the capabilities of incinerating an entire city.
[edit] AndroidOps universe
In the AndroidOps universe (see Orlando Haus), the cyborg Jonus Aussirisk (also known as Rude) develops a heat ray in the form of an infra-red "laser". Further developments to this Heat-Ray technology include the Sonnenspeer used by Second-In-Command Horus, and the "Heat Rifle" favoured by stealth operatives for its invisible heat beam and universal destructive power against all types of target.
