Zeugma
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- This article is about the rhetorical concept of zeugma. For the historical city of Zeugma see Zeugma (city). For the literary magazine, see Zeugma (literary journal).
Zeugma (from the Greek word "ζεύγμα", meaning "yoke") is a figure of speech describing the joining of two or more parts of a sentence with a common verb or noun. A zeugma employs both ellipsis, the omission of words which are easily understood, and parallelism, the balance of several words or phrases. The result is a series of similar phrases joined or yoked together by a common and implied noun or verb. In a modern sense, the zeugma has been classified as a synonym for syllepsis, a particular kind of zeugma, although there is a clear distinction between the two in classical treatises written on the subject. Henry Peacham praises the “delight of the ear” in the use of the zeugma in rhetoric, but stresses to avoid “too many clauses.” The zeugma is categorized according to the location and part of speech of the governing word.
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[edit] Prozeugma
The prozeugma (also called the Synezeugmenon or the Latin praeiunctio) is a zeugma where a verb in the first part of a sentence governs several later clauses in series.
- ’’Vicit pudorem libido, timorem audacia, rationem amentia (Cicero, Pro Cluentio, VI.15)
“She conquered shame with passion, fear with audacity, reason with madness.” (also an example of a tricolon)
- “Povertie hath gotten conquest of thy riches, shame of thy pride, danger of thy safetie, folly of thy wisedome, weakenesse of thy strength, and time of thy imagined immortalitie. [sic]”-- Henry Peacham
[edit] Mezozeugma
The mezozeugma is a zeugma where a verb in the middle of the sentence governs several parallel clauses on either side.
- Both determination and virtue will prevail; both dedication and honor, diligence and commitment.
- “What a shame is this, that neither hope of reward, nor feare of reproch could any thing move him, neither the perswasion of his friends, nor the love of his countrey. [sic]”--Peachum
[edit] Hypozeugma
The hypozeugma, also called an adjunctio in Latin, is a zeugma where a verb falls at the end of a sentence and governs several parallel clauses that precede it.
- Aut morbo aut vetustate formae dignitas deflorescit.—Rhetorica ad Herennium
- "Either with disease or age, physical beauty fades"
- ”through rain or sleet or dark of night, the mail must get through.”—motto of postal carriers (also contains a rhetorical bracketing and repetition of the word “through”)
- Nihil ne te nocturnum praesidium palatii, nihil urbis vigilae, nihil timor populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic muntissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque moverunt? —Cicero In Catilinam I-IV.
- "Does not the nightly watch of the Palatine, Does not guard of the city, Does not the fear of the people, Does not the union of all good men, Does not of the holding of the senate in this most defensible place, Does not the looks and faces of these people move you?"
By suspending the verb until the end, the listener is unable to determine what action the atrocities will cause, which is precisely the point Cicero intends to make. In this manner, the hypozeugma lends itself well to the forming of a periodic sentence.
- "Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears."—William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
- "The foundation of freedome, the fountaine of equitie, the safegard of wealth, and custodie of life, is preserved by lawes."—Peachum
Following a hypozeugma with a prozeugma can create a chiasmus (The foundation of freedom and the fountain of equity is preserved by laws. Our lawless acts destroy our wealth and threaten our custody of life.)
[edit] Diazeugma
The diazeugma is a zeugma where a noun governs two or more verbs. Latin rhetoricians further divide the diazeugma according to the placement of the subject and verbs.
- Diazeugma Disjunction
The subject appears at the beginning of the sentence and each verb follows in its respective clause.
- Populus Romanus Numantiam delevit, Kartaginem sustulit, Corinthum disiecit, Fregellas evertit.—Rhetorica ad Herennium
- Formae dignitas aut morbo deflorescit aut vetustate extinguitur—Rhetorica ad Herennium’’
- Physical beauty: with disease it fades; with age it dies.
- Diazeugma Conjunction
The subject appears in the middle of a sentence and may take the place of a conjunction.
- Stands accused, threatens our homes, revels in his crime, this man guilty of burglary asks for our forgiveness.
- Despairing in the heat and in the sun, we marched, cursing in the rain and in the cold.
[edit] Hypozeuxis
The Hypozeuxis is the opposite of a zeugma, where each subject has its own verb.
- The parents scowled, the girls cried, and the boys jeered while the clown stood confused.
- "We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on the landing grounds. We shall fight in the fields, and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender!"—Winston Churchill
- "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering" - Yoda, Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.
[edit] Syllepsis
Syllepsis is the term given to a zeugma when the clauses are not parallel either in meaning or grammar. They are figures of speech in which one word simultaneously modifies two or more other words such that the modification must be understood differently with respect to each modified word. This creates a semantic incongruity which is often humorous.
[edit] Distributed Term Changes Meaning
The governing term can change meaning in its distribution, sometimes to comical effect.
- alter cum res gestas tum etiam stadium atque auris adhibere posset.—Cicero, Pro Archia Poeta, (62)
- the other was able to lend not only his achievements, but also his support and ears
- Here thou, great Anna! whom three realms obey,
- Dost sometimes counsel take - and sometimes tea.
- Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock
- He carried a strobe light and the responsibility for the lives of his men.
- Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
Syllepsis can be used with idiomatic phrases to achieve a similar result:
- If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately
- You held your breath and the door for me
- I took her hand and then an aspirin in the morning,
- I took her hand and took her home
- Eve 6, "Girl Eyes"
- "Oh, flowers are as common here, Miss Fairfax, as people are in London." (from The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde) Cecily is making a catty remark to Miss Fairfax, a Londoner, by using "common" in two senses, namely "numerous" and "vulgar".
- "The Russian grandees came to Elizabeth's court dropping pearls and vermin." Macaulay tells us here in one short phrase a great deal about the Russian grandees.
- "Are you getting fit or having one?" (from the television program M*A*S*H)
- "You are free to execute your laws, and your citizens, as you see fit." (from the television program Star Trek: The Next Generation)
- "He broke the record and a leg"
- "She was a thief, you got to believe, she stole my heart and my cat." (from the film So I Married an Axe Murderer)
- "I lost my car and my dignity" (Alejandra Yaya)
[edit] Syllepsis with Ambiguous Grammar
Syllepses are occasionally produced in which the governing word does not agree grammatically with one or more of the words or clauses to which it is distributed.
- "loud thunder and lightning." Here, "loud" cannot describe lightning, a purely visual effect.
- "The sky and my hopes is falling."
- "Our son's diaper and your excuses is stinking."
- The first subject is brought to our attention more ominously by the verb with which it agrees.
[edit] Examples of Syllepsis
- She went home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair. - Charles Dickens
- He said, as he hastened to put out the cat, the wine, his cigar and the lamps... - Flanders and Swann, "Madeira M'Dear"
- You held your breath and the door for me. - Alanis Morissette, in "Head Over Feet":
- ... and covered themselves with dust and glory. - Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
- You can leave in a taxi. If you can't get a taxi, you can leave in a huff. If that's too soon, you can leave in a minute and a huff. - Groucho Marx
- Come the (computer) revolution, all persons found guilty of such criminal behavior will be summarily executed, and their programs won't be!--Numerical Recipes
[edit] See also
[edit] Sources
- Pseudo-Cicero, ‘’Rhetorica ad Herennium’’ (with an English translation by Harry Caplan 1954) Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, (ISBN 0-674-99444-2)
- Quintillian, Institutio Oratoria : Books I-III (edited by H. E. Butler 1980) Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, (ISBN 0-674-99138-9)
- Henry Peacham, The Garden of Eloquence Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, Inc. 1977 (ISBN 0-8201-1225-9)
- Dr. Gideon O. Burton, Sylvia Rhetorica, websource 2003
