Abjad Ibrani

From Wikipedia

Nota: Rencana ini mengandungi watak khas.

Rencana ini adalah utamanya tentang huruf Ibrani. Untuk tanda diakritikal Ibrani, lihat niqqud (untuk mata vokal) dan kantilasi.

Ibrani
Jenis:	Abjad
Bahasa:	Ibrani, Yiddish, Ladino, dan Judaeo-Arab (lihat bahasa Yahudi)
Dicipta oleh:	{{{pencipta}}}
Tempoh masa:	200 SM hingga kini
Status:	{{{status}}}
Sistem tulisan ibubapa:	{{{keluarga}}}
Sistem tulisan kanak-kanak:	{{{kanak-kanak}}}
Sistem tulisan kakak:	{{{kakak}}}
Jarak unikod:	U+0590 to U+05FF, U+FB1D to U+FB40
Kod ISO 15924:	Hebr
{{{imej}}}
{{{kapsyen}}}
Nota:Halaman ini mungkin mengandungi simbol-simbol fonetik IPA dalam Unikod. Sila lihat carta IPA untuk nada sebutan berdasarkan bahasa Inggeris.

Sejarah Huruf
Zaman Gangsa Pertengahan 19–15 SM Canaan-Phoenicia 14 SM Aramia 9 SM Brāhmī & Indic, 6 SM Tibet 7 c. Khmer/Jawa, 9 c. Ibrani 3 SM Syriak 2 SM Din Dabireh 3 c. Arab 4 c. Greek 9 SM Etruscan 8 SM Latin 7 SM Rune 2 c. Gothik 4 c. Armenia 405 Glagolitik 862 Cyrillic 10 c. Samaritan 6 SM Iberia 6 SM Arab Selatan 9 SM Ge'ez 5–6 SM
Meroitik 3 SM
Salasilah lengkap

Abjad Ibrani
	א	ב	ג	ד
ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י
כך	ל	מם	נן	ס	ע
פף	צץ	ק	ר	ש	ת
Sejarah · Transliterasi Niqqud · Dagesh · Gematria Kantilasi · Perangkaan

Abjad Ibrani adalah set dari 22 huruf yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Ibrani. Lima dari huruf ini mempunyai berlainan bentuk apabila kelihatan sebagai huruf akhir dalam perkataan. Abjad Ibrani adalah digunakan dalam halusnya bentuk disesuaikan untuk menulis beberapa bahasa dari diaspora Yahudi, paling terkenalnya Yiddish, Ladino, dan Judaeo-Arab (untuk penuh dan senarai terperinci, lihat bahasa Yahudi). Ibrani ditulis dari kanan ke kiri.

Perkataan Ibrani untuk "huruf" adalah אלף-בית (alef-bet), dinamakan selepas dua huruf pertama dari abjad Ibrani. Abjad Ibrani adalah pada asalah adalah abjad; bak kata lain ia mempunyai huruf untuk konsonan sahaja, tetapi makna telah kemudiannya difikirkan untuk menunjukkan vokal, pertama dengan menggunakan huruf konsonan sebagai matres lectionis, kemudian dengan vokal terasing atau nikud.

Nombor huruf dalam abjad Ibrani, susunan mereka, nama mereka, dan nilai fonetik mereka adalah dengan sebenarnya sama kepada yakni dari abjad Aramia, laksana kedua-dua Ibrani dan Aramean meminjam abjad Phoenicia untuk kegunaan mereka semasa akhir alaf ke-2 SM.

Skrip moden yang digunakan untuk menulis Ibrani (biasanya dipanggil skrip Yahudi oleh ilmiawan, dan juga tradisionalnya dikenali sebagai skrip petak, atau skrip Assyria-tidak dikelirukan dengan pelbagaian Timur dari abjad Syriak), berkembang semasa abad ke-3 SM dari abjad Aramia, diama telah digunakan oleh Yahudi untuk menulis Ibrani sejak abad ke-6 SM dari skrip Phoenicia; orang Samaritan masih menulis Ibrani dalam pelbagaian dari skrip ini untuk kerja keagamaan (lihat abjad Samaritan).

Jadual isi kandungan 1 Jadual pendek 2 Deskripsi 3 Main table 3.1 Name and transliteration 3.2 Numerical value and pronunciation 3.3 Notes 3.4 Vowel formation 3.4.1 Vowels and consonants in Ancient Hebrew 4 History 4.1 Possible Linguistic Origins 5 Unicode table 6 HTML Code Table 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[Sunting] Jadual pendek

Abjad Ibrani terdiri dari huruf berikut. Sesetengah huruf mempunyai bentuk berlainan yang digunakan pada akhir kata: ini ditunjukkan pada jadual di bawah bentuk normal.

Alef	Bet/Vet	Gimel	Dalet	He	Vav	Zayin	Het	Tet	Yod	Kaf/Chaf
א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י	כ
										ך
Lamed	Mem	Nun	Samekh	Ayin	Pe/Fe	Tsadi	Cof	Resh	Shin/Sin	Tav
ל	מ	נ	ס	ע	פ	צ	ק	ר	ש	ת
	ם	ן			ף	ץ

[Sunting] Deskripsi

Kedua-dua skrip Ibrani kuno dan skrip Ibrani baru mempunyai hanya satu kes, tetapi dalam skrip moden setengah huruf mempunyai bentuk akhir khas hanya pada akhir kata. Ini seakan-akan sama kepada abjad Arab, walaupun lebih mudah. Huruf Ibrani adalah abjad: vokal biasanya tidak ditunjukkan. Apabila mereka adalah ia kerana konsonan lemah seperti א alef, ה he, ו vav, atau י yod telah digabungkan dengan vokal lalu dan menjadi senyap atau dengan imitasi dari seperti kes dalam ejaan dari bentuk lain. Apabila digunakan untuk menulis Yiddish, sistem tulisan Ibrani adalah huruf benar (lihat ortografi Yiddish), kecuali dimana kata Ibrani ditulis dalam Yiddish.

Untuk memelihara bunyi vokal sempurna, ilmiawan mengembangkan beberapa set berlainan simbol diakritik dipanggil nikud (ניקוד; sasteranya: "memohon mata"). Satu dari ini, sistem Tiberian, akhirnya diperolehi. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, dan keluarganya untuk beberapa generasi, adalah dihargai untuk kemaskini dan pengekalan sistem. Mata ini biasanya digunakan hanya untuk tujuan khas, seperti buku Injil bertujuan untuk pelajaran, dalam sajak, atau apabila mengajar bahasa kepada kanak-kanak. Sistem Tiberian juga termasuk set tanda kantilasi digunakan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana perjalanan skriptural sepatutnya diratib, digunakan dalam pembacaan skriptur synagogue (walaupun tanda ini tidak muncul dalam skrol).

Huruf Ibrani mungkin juga dugunakan sebagai nombor; lihat entri pada angka Ibrani. Kegunaan huruf ini sebagai nombor digunakan dalam Kabbalah ([[mistitisme]Yahudi) dalam ikhtisas dikenali sebagai gematria.

---

Rencana ini diterjemahkan daripada sebahagian rencana Wikipedia bahasa Inggeris. Bantulah Wikipedia menterjemahkan lagi seperenggan dua. Bahan-bahan boleh didapati di en:Abjad Ibrani.   Terima kasih kerana membaca rencana ini.  Sumber bantuan: Kamus Dewan Bahasa

[Sunting] Main table

The following table is a breakdown of each letter in the Hebrew alphabet, describing its written glyph or glyphs, its name or names, its Latin script transliteration values used in academic work, and its pronunciation in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet. If two glyphs are shown for a letter, then the left-most glyph is the Final form of the letter (or right-most glyph if your browser doesn't support right-to-left text layout).

[Sunting] Name and transliteration

Symbol	Name						Transliteration
	Academic			Uni- code Stan- dard	Israeli	Ash- kenazi	Academic			Israeli
	Unicode	Font-friendly	ISO-8859-1-friendly				Uni- code	Font-friendly	ISO-8859-1-friendly
א	ʾā́lep̄	’āleph	'àleph	alef	alef	alef	ʾ	’	'	' (1)
ב	bêṯ, ḇêṯ	bêth, bhêth	bêth, bhêth	bet	bet, vet	beis, veis	b, ḇ	b, bh	b, bh	b, v
ג	gímmel, ḡímel	gímel, ghímel	gímel, ghímel	gimel	gimel	gimmel	g, ḡ	g, gh	g, gh	g
ד	dā́leṯ, ḏā́leṯ	dāleth, dhāleth	dàleth, dhàleth	dalet	dalet	doles	d, ḏ	d, dh	d, dh	d
ה	?	hê	hê	he	he, hei	hei	h, Ḏ	?	?	h (2)
ו	wāw	wāw	wàw	vav	vav	vov, vof	?	w	w	v
ז	?	záyin	záyin	zayin	zayin	zayin	?	z	z	?
ח	ḥêṯ, (3) ḫêṯ	ħêth, (3) xêth	h`êth, (3) xêth	het	chet	ches	ḥ, (3) ḫ	ħ, (3) x	h`, (3) x	kh, ch (4)
ט	ṭêṯ	ţêth	t`êth	tet	tet	tes	ṭ	ţ	t`	t
י	yôḏ	yôdh	yôdh	yod	yod, yud	yud	?	y	y	y, i (8)
ך כ	kāp̄, ḵāp̄	kāph, khāph	kàph, khàph	kaf	kaf, chaf	kof, chof	k, ḵ	k, kh	k, kh	k, ch
ל	lā́meḏ	lāmedh	làmedh	lamed	lamed	lomed	?	l	l	l
ם מ	mēm	mēm	mèm	mem	mem	mem	?	m	m	m
ן נ	?	nûn	nûn	nun	nun	nun	?	n	n	n
ס	sā́mekh	sāmekh	sàmekh	samekh	samech	somech	?	s	s	s
ע	ʿáyin, (3) ġáyin	‘áyin, (3) ġáyin	`áyin, (3) 3áyin	ayin	ayin	ayin, oyin	ʿ, (3) ġ	‘, (3) ġ	`, (3) 3	' (9)
ף פ	pê, p̄ê	pê, phê	pê, phê	pe	pe, pei, fe/fei	pei, fei	p, p̄	p, ph	p, ph	p, f
ץ צ	ṣāḏê	şādhê	s`àdhê	tsadi	tzadi, tzadik	tsodi, tsodik	ṣ	ş	s`	tz, ts, z
ק	qōp̄	qôph	qôph	qof	kof, kuf	kuf	?	k	k	q
ר	rêš	rêš	rêsh	resh	resh, reish	reish	?	r	r	r
ש	šîn, śîn	šîn, śîn	shîn, lhîn	shin	shin, sin	shin, sin	š, ś	š, ś	sh, lh	sh, s
ת	tāw, ṯāw	tāw, thāw	tàw, thàw	tav	tav, taf	tov, tof, sov, sof	t, ṯ	t, th	t, th	t

[Sunting] Numerical value and pronunciation

Symbol	Numerical Value	Pronunciation (IPA)
		Modern Israeli	Ashkenazi	Sephardi	Yemenite	Tiberian	Reconstructed
							Mishnaic	Biblical
א	1	[ ʔ, - ]	[ - ]	[ ʔ, - ]	[ ʔ, - ]	[ ʔ, - ]	[ ʔ, - ]	[ ʔ ]
ב	2	[ b, v ]	[ b, v~v̥ ]	[ b, b~β~v ]	[ b ]	[ b, v ]	[ b, β ]	[ b ]
ג	3	[ ɡ ]	[ ɡ~ɡ̊ ]	[ ɡ, ɡ~ɣ ]	[ ʤ, ɣ ]	[ ɡ, ɣ ]	[ ɡ, ɣ ]	[ ɡ ]
ד	4	[ d ]	[ d~d̥ ]	[ d̪~ð ]	[ d̪, ð ]	[ d̪, ð ]	[ d̪, ð ]	[ d̪ ]
ה	5	[ h~ʔ, - ]	[ h, - ]	[ h, - ]	[ h, - ]	[ h, - ]	[ h, - ]	[ h ]
ו	6	[ v ]	[ v~v̥ ]	[ v ]	[ w ]	[ w ]	[ w ]	[ w ]
ז	7	[ z ]	[ z~z̥ ]	[ z ]	[ z ]	[ z ]	[ z ]	[ dz ]
ח	8	[ x~ħ ]	[ x ]	[ ħ ]	[ ħ ]	[ ħ ]	[ ħ, x ]	[ ħ, x ]
ט	9	[ t ]	[ t ]	[ t̪ ]	[ t̴̪ ] (5)	[ t̴̪ ]	[ t̪ˁ ] (6)	[ t̪ʼ ] (7)
י	10	[ j ]	[ j ]	[ j ]	[ j ]	[ j ]	[ j ]	[ j ]
ך כ	20	[ k, x ]	[ k, x ]	[ k, x ]	[ k, x ]	[ k, x ]	[ k, x ]	[ k ]
ל	30	[ l ]	[ l~ɫ ]	[ l ]	[ l ]	[ l ]	[ l ]	[ l ]
ם מ	40	[ m ]	[ m ]	[ m ]	[ m ]	[ m ]	[ m ]	[ m ]
ן נ	50	[ n ]	[ n ]	[ n̪ ]	[ n̪ ]	[ n̪ ]	[ n̪ ]	[ n̪ ]
ס	60	[ s ]	[ s ]	[ s ]	[ s ]	[ s ]	[ s ]	[ ts ]
ע	70	[ ʔ ~ ʕ, – ]	[ - ]	[ ʕ, ŋ, – ]	[ ʕ ]	[ ʕ ]	[ ʕ, ɣ ]	[ ʕ, ɣ ]
ף פ	80	[ p, f ]	[ p, f ]	[ p, f ]	[ f ]	[ p, f ]	[ p, ɸ ]	[ p ]
ץ צ	90	[ ʦ ]	[ ʦ ]	[ ʦ ]	[ s̴ ] (5)	[ s̴ ]	[ sˁ ] (6)	[ ʦʼ, ʧʼ, t͡ɬʼ ] (7)
ק	100	[ k ]	[ k ]	[ k ]	[ ɡ ]	[ q ]	[ q ]	[ kʼ ] (7)
ר	200	[ ʁ ]	[ ʀ ]	[ r~ɾ ]	[ r~ɾ ]	[ ɾ ]	[ ɾ ]	[ ɾ ]
ש	300	[ ʃ, s ]	[ ʃ, s ]	[ ʃ, s ]	[ ʃ, s ]	[ ʃ, s ]	[ ʃ, ɬ ]	[ ʧ, t͡ɬ, s ]
ת	400	[ t ]	[ t, s ]	[ t̪, θ ]	[ t̪, θ ]	[ t̪, θ ]	[ t̪, θ ]	[ t̪ ]

[Sunting] Notes

1. unwritten in initial and final positions, though often not written at all
2. unwritten in final positions
3. archaic
4. h initial or after consonants, ch everywhere else
5. velarized or pharyngealized
6. pharyngealized
7. sometimes said to be ejective but more likely glottalized.
8. i in final positions or before consonants
9. often not written at all

---

• Historically, the consonants ב bet, ג gimel, ד dalet, כ kaf, פ pe, and ת tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive consonant), and one soft (fricative consonant), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh (דגש), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In masoretic manuscripts, the soft fricative consonants are indicated by a small line on top of the letter; this diacritical mark is called raphe (רפה), but its use has been largely discontinued in printed texts.
• א alef, ה he, ו vav and י yod are consonants that can sometimes fill the position of a vowel. vav and yod in particular are more often vowels than they are consonants.
• ש shin and sin are two separate phonemes written with the same letter. They are not mutually allophonic. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.
• In Israel's general population, many consonants have merged to the same pronunciation. They are:
  • א alef with ayin and (varyingly) ה he
  • ב bet (without dagesh) with ו vav
  • ח het with כ kaf (without dagesh)
  • ט tet with ת tav (both with and without dagesh)
  • כ kaf (with dagesh) with ק qof
  • ס samekh with שׂ sin (but not with שׁ shin)
  • צ tsadi with the consonant cluster תס tav-samekh

[Sunting] Vowel formation

Some of the letters, as well as their consonantal function, also acted as matres lectionis to represent vowels, as follows:

Symbol	Name	Vowel formation
א	alef	ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
ה	he	ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô
ו	vav	ô, û
י	yod	î, ê, ệ

[Sunting] Vowels and consonants in Ancient Hebrew

Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /p t k b d g/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeDKePHeT (pronounced /beɪgɛd'kɛfɛt/) letters. (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points.) They were pronounced as stops [p t k b d g] at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives [p̄ ṯ ḵ ḇ ḏ ḡ] — IPA [f θ x v ð ɣ] when preceded by a vowel. The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds [ḏ] and [ḡ] have reverted to [d] and [g] respectively, and [ṯ] has become [t], so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation.

ו vav was a semivowel /w/ (as in English, not as in German).

ח het and ע ayin were pharyngeal fricatives, צ tsadi was an emphatic /s/, ט tet was an emphatic /t/, and ק qof was /q/. All these are common Semitic consonants.

שׂ sin (the /s/ variant of ש shin) was originally different from both שׁ shin and ס samekh, but had become /s/ the same as ס samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other Semitic languages, this phoneme is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely IPA the fricative /ɬ/ (as in Welsh ll) or the affricate /tɬ/ (as in Náhuatl tl).

[Sunting] History

Archeological evidence indicates that the original Hebrew script is related to the Phoenician script that was in wide use in the Middle East region at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. (Eventually, in Europe, this alphabet evolved into the Greek and Roman alphabets). Phoenician script was borrowed by the Hebrews during the 12th or 11th century BCE, and around the 10th century BCE^[1], a distinct Hebrew variant, the original "Hebrew script", emerged. This script was widely used in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah until they fell in the 8th and 6th centuries BCE, respectively.

Following the Babylonian exile, Jews gradually stopped using the Hebrew script, and instead adopted the Babylonian Aramaic script (which was also originally derived from the Phoenician script). This script, used for writing Hebrew, later evolved into the Jewish, or "square" script, that is still used today. "Square"-related scripts were in use all over the Middle East for several hundred years, but following the rise of Christianity (and later, the rise of Islam), they gave way to the Roman and Arabic alphabets, respectively. According to traditional Jewish thought, the Hebrew writing system contained all the current letters at the time of Moses, although Ezra is known for his contribution to the square form.

Following the decline of Hebrew and Aramaic as the spoken languages of the Jews, the Hebrew alphabet was adopted in order to write down the languages of the Jewish diaspora (Karaim, Judæo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, etc.). The Hebrew alphabet was retained as the alphabet used for writing down the Hebrew language during its rebirth in the end of the 19th century, despite several unsuccessful attempts to replace it with the Latin alphabet.

[Sunting] Possible Linguistic Origins

Templat:Off-topic-other The Hebrew alphabet is thought to have developed in the same way as the Phoenician alphabet; each letter representing a picture. This is noted in the Mathers table, appearing in a Kabbalistic book, The Kabbalah Unveiled (an English translation of Christian Knorr von Rosenroth's Latin translation of The Kabbalah Denudata -- a version of the Zohar, a primary Kabbalistic text.). Over time, historical scholars believe, the letters evolved into the modern rectangular alphabet:

• א aleph [aleiph] - "ox" (also "bull" / "G-d" / "Master" / "champion" / "teaching")

          *Meaning: strength, leader, first

• ב bet [beit, beth, beith] - "house" (also "tent" / "blessing")

          *Meaning: G-d's House, household, in, into

• ג gimel [gimmel] - "camel" (also "bridge" / "weaning" / "benevolence")

          *Meaning: pride, to lift up, derived from gemul meaning giving reward or punishment, also, "the rich man chasing after dalet which is the poor man"

• ד dalet [daleth, D'alet:hard d] - "fish" or "door" (also "drawing up" / "a poor man")

          *Meaning: pathway, to enter, the door of beit - the house, "the poor man"

• ה heh [hei, hey] - "jubilation" or "window" (also "breath" / "spirit" / "fence" / "to be broken" / "to take seed" / "behold")

          *Meaning: "the", to reveal

• ו vav [waw] - "cane" (also "hook" / "nail" / "Messiah")

          *Meaning: "and", add, secure, hook, the idea of a ray of straight light or the "or yashar" as if G-d is reaching down to man or the world

• ז zayin - "manacle" or "weapon" (also "sword" / "scepter" / "crown" / "a species" / "to nourish")

          *Meaning: cut, to cut off, the returning light or the "or chozer" which is the reflected light off the crown topping vav which is zayin

• ח ḥet [chet, hard gutteral 'h'] - "enclosure" or "fence" (also "hedge" / "chamber" / "sin" / "fear" / "lifeforce")

          *Meaning: private, to separate, letter of life (chaim, from the root chayah, whose most important letter is chet

• ט ṭet [hard t] - "snake" (also "staff" / "to twist" / "an inclination" / "below" / "a bed")

          *Meaning: to surround, upside-down tov symbolizing hidden and inverted good as in the Zohar: "its good is hidden within it."

• י yud [yod, yad] - "arm" or "hand" (also "G-d" / "thrust" / "closed hand")

          *Meaning: deed, work, to make, G-d's thought - the origin of the Jewish soul

• כ kaph [khaph] - "hand" or "palm" (also "arm" / "wing" / "open hand" / "a cloud" / "to suppress")

          *Meaning: to cover, allow, strength, subdue, coerce

• ל lamed - "study" or "teach" (also "staff" / "cattle goad")

          *Meaning: prod, go toward, tongue, lamed-mem-dalet (lev meiven da'at) meaning a heart that understands knowledge [Letters of Rabbi Akiva]

• מ mem [M'em:hard m] - "water" (also "kingdom" / "a blemish")

          *Meaning: massive, overpower, chaos, water (mayim), fountain of the Divine Wisdom of Torah, open mem (things revealed), closed final mem (things concealed)

• נ nun - "fish [moving]" (also "kingdom" / "a royal heir" / "Messiah [Who is] Heir to the Throne")

          *Meaning: activity, life

• ס samech [hard 'h'] - "prop" (also "ordain" as in ordination or support / "to rely on" / "construct form as in grammar")

          *Meaning: support, turn, circular form symbolizes the fundamental truth reflected at all levels of Torah and reality

• ע 'ayin - "eye" (also "eye of spring or well" / "color" / "fountain" / "in Aramaic: sheep")

          *Meaning: see, know, experience, Divine Providence, The Oral Torah

• פ pei [pey, phey] - "mouth" [as in speech/silence] (also "a mouth" / "here")

          *Meaning: speak, open, word

• צ tsadee [tzadi, tzadik] - "righteous" (also "plant" / "fish-hook" / "to hunt" / "side" / "in Aramaic: chaos")

          *Meaning: harvest, desire

• ק qoph [koph, kuph] - "monkey" or "back of the head" (also "to surround or touch" / "strength" / "in Aramaic: the eye of a needle")

          *Meaning: behind, the last, least, Omnipresence, kedushah meaning holiness

• ר reš [resh, reish] - "head" (also "beginning")

          *Meaning: person, head, highest, poor man, state of poverty of this world, the upper limit of poverty

• ש šin [as 'seen', also shin as 'sheen'] - "tooth" (also "Divine Power" / "year" / "change" / "scarlet" / "serenity" / "to sleep" / "to teach" / "two" / "sharp" / "old" / "viceroy")

          *Meaning: consume, destroy, The Eternal Flame, the fire of Torah or sharpness in learning

• ת tav [tov, tau, thav] - "good" (also "signature" or "sign" or "impression" or "code" / "sign" / "cross" / "in Aramaic: more")

          *Meaning: covenant, to seal, the sign on the forehead of Cain, Teshuvah or prayer or Torah, the last letter of the first word of Creation: the ultimate origin

Remember: There is technically no "f" or "j" in Hebrew. The "f" proximity is a soft "p" like "ph" and "j" is a derivative of the "y" or "Yuh" sound.

The following sources were used in creating the previous compilation additions:
Hebrew Word Pictures, Frank T. Seekins, Living Word Pictures Inc, Phoenix Arizona, 1994
The Inner Meaning of the Hebrew Letters, Robert Haralock
The Wisdom of the Hebrew Alphabet, Rabbi Michael Munk
How the Hebrew Language Grew, Edward Horowitz
Honey from the Rock, Lawrence Kushner
The Secrets of Hebrew Words, Benjamin Bleck
and extended studies at Austin, TX Tzion MJC, and JewFaq.org

More details on Hidden Meanings of the Letters: http://www.inner.org/HEBLETER/HEBLETRS.HTM

[Sunting] Unicode table

The Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB40. It includes letters, ligatures, combining diacritical marks (niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation.

Unicode table

	…0	…1	…2	…3	…4	…5	…6	…7	…8	…9	…A	…B	…C	…D	…E	…F
U+059…		֑	֒	֓	֔	֕	֖	֗	֘	֙	֚	֛	֜	֝	֞	֟
U+05A…	֠	֡	֢	֣	֤	֥	֦	֧	֨	֩	֪	֫	֬	֭	֮	֯
U+05B…	ְ	ֱ	ֲ	ֳ	ִ	ֵ	ֶ	ַ	ָ	ֹ	ֺ	ֻ	ּ	ֽ	־	ֿ
U+05C…	׀	ׁ	ׂ	׃	ׄ	ׅ	׆	ׇ
U+05D…	א	ב	ג	ד	ה	ו	ז	ח	ט	י	ך	כ	ל	ם	מ	ן
U+05E…	נ	ס	ע	ף	פ	ץ	צ	ק	ר	ש	ת
U+05F…	װ	ױ	ײ	׳	״	׵
U+FB1…														יִ	ﬞ	ײַ
U+FB2…	ﬠ	ﬡ	ﬢ	ﬣ	ﬤ	ﬥ	ﬦ	ﬧ	ﬨ	﬩	שׁ	שׂ	שּׁ	שּׂ	אַ	אָ
U+FB3…	אּ	בּ	גּ	דּ	הּ	וּ	זּ		טּ	יּ	ךּ	כּ	לּ		מּ
U+FB4…	נּ	סּ		ףּ	פּ		צּ	קּ	רּ	שּ	תּ	וֹ	בֿ	כֿ	פֿ	ﭏ

Note: The ligature characters װ ױ ײ are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew.

[Sunting] HTML Code Table

These are the Hebrew Numeric Character References. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew glyphs compatible with the majority of web browsers.

Alef-Bet

ג	ב	בּ	א
ג	ב	בּ	א
ז	ו	ה	ד
ז	ו	ה	ד
כּ	י	ט	ח
כּ	י	ט	ח
מ	ל	ך	כ
מ	ל	ך	כ
ס	ן	נ	ם
ס	ן	נ	ם
ף	פ	פּ	ע
ף	פ	פּ	ע
ר	ק	ץ	צ
ר	ק	ץ	צ
ת	תּ	שׂ	שׁ
ת	תּ	שׂ	שׁ

Vowels and Unique Characters

Short/Hard

Long/Soft

( ַ )	( ָ )
ַ	ָ
( ֵ )	( ֶ )
ֵ	ֶ
וֹ	( ֹ )
וֹ	ֹ
וּ	( ֻ )
וּ	ֻ
( ִ )	Letter Yud ( י )
ִ	י

Shva Nach ( ְ )	Shva Nah ( ְ )
ְ	ְ
Dagesh ( ּ )
ּ

[Sunting] See also

• History of the Hebrew language
• Niqqud

[Sunting] References

1. ↑ 10th century BCE script

(using new citation method)

Roots of the Hebrew Alphabet

• Hoffman, Joel M. 2004. In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language..
• Saenz-Badillos, Angel. 1993. A History of the Hebrew Language. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.New York: NYU Press
• Steinberg, David. History of the Hebrew Language.
• Mathers table
• Aleph-Beth Quick Study Chart. February 28, 2005. Qumran Bet Community. Retrieved January 5th, 2006.
• The Ancient Hebrew Language and Alephbet. August 11, 2004. The Ancient Hebrew Research Center. Retrieved January 5th, 2006.

[Sunting] External links

Lihat galeri mengenai: Hebrew alphabet di Wikimedia Commons.

• HebAlpha, freeware to assist in learning the alphabet
• Al's Hebrew Transliterator, converts latin alphabet transliteration into Hebrew HTML codes
• The Alphabet of Biblical Hebrew
• A free online course to learn the Hebrew consonants
• Hebrew translit for typing Hebrew with an English keyboard
• Transliterate your English name into Hebrew Letters
• Mikledet.com - Send Hebrew emails without having a Hebrew keyboard.
• The Hebrew Alphabet: It's Inner Structure
• Jewish Encyclopedia: Alphabet, the Hebrew