卡爾梅克語
维基百科，自由的百科全书
| 卡爾梅克語 -{Калмука хэлэн}- |
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|---|---|---|
| 西里尔字母: | ||
| 通行区： | 卡爾梅克,俄罗斯,哈萨克斯坦,蒙古国,中国 | |
| 区域： | 俄罗斯卡爾梅克共和国, 哈萨克斯坦伊蘇克-庫爾, 蒙古, 中国新疆、内蒙古 | |
| 总使用人数： | 518,500 | |
| 语系： | 阿尔泰语系 (有争议) 蒙古语族 東蒙古語支 烏里亞特-喀爾喀分支 喀爾喀-卡爾梅克-達卡特支系 卡爾梅克語 |
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| 官方地位 | ||
| 作为官方语言的国家： | 卡爾梅克共和國 (使用西里尔字母) ; 中国 (部分地区，使用蒙古语字母) | |
| 管理机构： | 无官方机构 | |
| 语言代码 | ||
| ISO 639-1： | 无 | |
| ISO 639-2： | tut | |
| ISO/DIS 639-3： | xal — 俄羅斯 | |
| 注意：本頁包含 Unicode 的 國際音標 | ||
卡爾梅克語 (Калмука хэлэн)為卡爾梅克人的語言，使用在卡爾梅克共和國(Хальмг Тангч)(獨立國協)、中國西部、蒙古西部。在上述每個國家大約有 160,000人在使用卡爾梅克語。
Kalmyk belongs to the Kalmyk-Oirat subgroup of the 蒙古语族. It also has some elements in common with the 乌拉尔语系 and 突厥语族 languages, sometimes speculated to be a member of the disputed 阿尔泰语系 or 乌拉尔-阿尔泰语系 language family. This reflects Kalmyk's origin as the common language of the 卫拉特, a union of four Kalmyk tribes that absorbed some Ugric and Turkic tribes during their expansion westward.
The literary tradition of Kalmyk reaches back to 11世纪 when the 维吾尔族 script was used. The official Kalmyk alphabet named 圖得畢其 (Тодо Бичг，簡明字體) was created in the 17th century by a Kalmyk Buddhist monk called 札雅·潘第. In 1924 this script was replaced by a Cyrillic script, which was abandoned in 1930 in favor of a Latin script. The Latin script was in turn replaced by another Cyrillic script in 1938. These script reforms effectively disrupted the Kalmyk literary tradition.
The Kalmyks suffered greatly during the Soviet period. Half of all Kalmyk speakers died during the Russian Civil War. Stalin's ethnic cleansings also significantly reduced the population of the Kalmyk people. Until recently, the Kalmyk population in Russia was at lower levels than it had been in 1913. Russian was made the primary official language of Kalmykia, and in 1963 the last Kalmyk language classes were closed and Russian became the language of education for Kalmyk children.
As a result of these policies, many Kalmyks do not speak their own language. Kalmyk linguists, in collaboration with the Kalmyk government, are working to improve this situation. Beginning in 1993, school education in the Kalmyk language was restored.
[编辑] 書寫系統
The Kalmyk language has been written in a variety of alphabets over the years. Starting in the 11th century, the Kalmyks used the Uyghur script.
The official Kalmyk alphabet named Todo Bichig (Clear Script) was created in the 17th century by a Kalmyk Buddhist monk called Zaya Pandit. It was used by Kalmyks in Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, but Kalmyks in China still use it. In Mongolia, Kalmyk has no official status and does not exist in written form.
Калмыцкий алфавит на латинской основе (1930-1938):
| A a | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | Ә ә | F f |
| G g | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | N n |
| Ņ ņ | O o | Ө ө | P p | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t |
| U u | V v | X x | Y y | Z z | Ƶ ƶ | Ь ь |
Современный кириллический калмыцкий алфавит (является русским алфавитом с добавленными диакритическими буквами): The modified Cyrillic alphabet used for the Kalmyk language is as follows:
| 西里爾字母 | IPA | 拉丁字母 | 西里爾字母 | IPA | 拉丁字母 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Аа | a | a | Оо | ɔ | o | |
| Әә | ə | ä | Өө | o | ö | |
| Бб | p,pʲ | b | Пп | (pʰ ), (pʰʲ ) | p | |
| Вв | w,wʲ | v, w | Рр | r,rʲ | r | |
| Гг | ɡ,ɡʲ,ɢ | g | Сс | s | s | |
| Һһ | gh | Тт | tʰ,tʰʲ | t | ||
| Дд | t,tʲ | d | Уу | ʊ | u | |
| Ее | je | ye | Үү | u | ü | |
| Ёё | jɔ | yo | Фф | ( f ) | f | |
| Жж | ʧ | zh | Хх | x,xʲ | h | |
| Җҗ | dzh, j | Цц | ʦʰ | ts | ||
| Зз | ʦ | (d)z | Чч | ʧʰ | ch | |
| Ии | i | i | Шш | ʃ | sh | |
| Йй | j | y | Щщ | (sʧ ) | shch | |
| Кк | ( k ), (kʲ ) | k | Ыы | i | y | |
| Лл | ɮ,ɮʲ | l | Ьь | ʲ | ' | |
| Мм | m,mʲ | m | Ээ | e | e | |
| Нн | n,nʲ | n | Юю | jʊ | yu | |
| Ңң | ng | Яя | ja | ya |
