Black tea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Black tea is a "true" tea (i.e. Camellia sinensis) made from leaves more heavily oxidized than green or oolong varieties. Black tea is generally stronger in flavor and contains more caffeine than the more lightly oxidized teas.
In Chinese and culturally influenced languages, black tea is known as red tea (紅茶, Mandarin Chinese hóngchá; Japanese kōcha; Korean hongcha), perhaps a more accurate description of the color of the liquid. In Chinese, black tea is a commonly used classification for Pu-erh tea. However, in the western world, "red tea" more commonly refers to South African rooibos tisane.
While green tea usually loses its flavor within a year, black tea retains its flavor for several years. For this reason, it has long been an article of trade, and compressed bricks of black tea even served as a form of de facto currency in Mongolia, Tibet and Siberia into the 19th century. Traditionally, black tea was the only tea known to Western culture. Although green tea has been gradually increasing in popularity, black tea still accounts for over ninety percent of all tea sold in the West.
The expression black tea is also used to describe a cup of tea without milk (served black), similar to coffee similarly served without milk or cream. In the United Kingdom, black tea is not commonly consumed black, as adding milk is the common practice.
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[edit] Varieties of black tea
Generally, unblended black teas are named after the region in which they are produced. Often, different regions are known for producing teas with characteristic flavors.
[edit] Chinese black teas
- Lapsang souchong (正山小种 or 烟小种): originally from Mount Wuyi, Fujian Province, China. Lapsang souchong is a black tea which is dried over burning pine, thereby developing a strong smoky flavour.
- Keemun (祁門) : from Qi Men, Anhui Province, China, a Chinese Famous Tea.
- Dian Hong (滇紅): from Yunnan Province, China. Well known for dark malty teas and golden bud teas.
- Ying De Hong (英徳紅): from Guangdong Province, China.
[edit] Indian and Sri Lanka black teas
- Assam: from Assam, India. Full bodied, strong and distinctively malty. When astringency is present addition of milk is desirable.
- Ceylon: from Sri Lanka.
- Darjeeling: from West Bengal, India.
- Nilgiri: from Nilgiri, Tamil Nadu, India.
[edit] Other black teas
- Vietnamese: from Vietnam. Not dissimilar to some cheaper Yunnan teas, with a pleasant and sweet aroma but a more bodied and darker brew; unlike teas from Nepal or Darjeeling.
- Nepalese: from uplands of Nepal. Somewhat similar to lower grades of Darjeeling.
- Rize Tea (Çay): from Rize Province on the eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey, that is crystal clear and mahogany in color. Prepared in a samovar or a caydanlik, it can be served strong ("koyu" dark) or weak ("açik" light), in small glasses with cubed sugar.
[edit] Blends of black tea
Black tea is often blended and mixed with various other plants in order to obtain a beverage.
[edit] Processing of black tea
- After the harvest, the leaves are first withered by blowing air on them.
- Then black teas are processed in either of two ways, CTC (Crush, Tear, Curl) or orthodox. The CTC method is used for lower quality leaves that end up in tea bags and are processed by machines. This method is efficient and effective for producing a better quality product from medium and lower quality leaves. Orthodox processing is done either by machines or by hand. Hand processing is used for high quality teas. While the methods employed in orthodox processing differ by tea type, this style of processing results in the high quality loose tea sought by many connoisseurs.
- Next, the leaves are oxidized under controlled temperature and humidity. (This process is also called "fermentation", which is a misnomer since no actual fermentation takes place.) The level of oxidation determines the quality of the tea. Since oxidation begins at the rolling stage itself, the time between these stages is also a crucial factor in the quality of the tea.
- Then the leaves are dried to arrest the oxidation process.
- Finally, the leaves are sorted into grades according their sizes (whole leaf, brokens, fannings and dust), usually with the use of sieves. The tea could be further sub-graded according to other criteria.
The tea is now ready for packaging.
[edit] Classification
Indian and Ceylon tea is usually named after the region of origin: Darjeeling, Assam, Ceylon, etc. and further by estates and grades for quality leaf: e.g., "Darjeeling Lingia FTGFOP1".
In Ceylon tea from Sri Lanka the grade names are an indication of the size and/or appearance of the tea but not the quality. There can be a lack of uniformity in the market grades which makes it difficult to describe them with accuracy. Ceylon teas can be divided into two groups:
- The leaf grades originally made by the Ceylon tea pioneers.
- The smaller broken grades which are used today.
List of Ceylon tea leaf grades:
- Orange Pekoe (O.P.) - Long, thin, wiry leaves which sometimes contain the tip. The liquors are light or pale in colour.
- Pekoe (Pek.) - The leaves are shorter and not so wiry as O.P., but the liquors generally have more colour.
- Souchong (Sou.) - A bold and round leaf, with pale liquors.
- Broken Orange Pekoe (B.O.P. or BOP) - This grade is one of the most sought after. It is much smaller than any of the other leaf grades and contains the tip. The liquors have good colour and strength.
- Broken Pekoe (B.P.) - Slightly larger than B.O.P., with rather less colour in the cup; useful primarily as a filler in blends.
- Broken Pekoe Souchong (B.P.S) - A little larger that B.P. and in consequence lighter in the cup, but also used as a filler in blends.
- Broken Orange Pekoe Fannings (B.O.P.F.) - This grade is much sought after, especially in the UK. It is much smaller than B.O.P. and its main virtues are quick brewing, with good colour in the cup.
A small quantity of Tippy or Flowery grades (including Flowery Orange Pekoe (F.O.P) and Flowery Broken Orange Pekoe (F.B.O.P) are made. They are much more expensive to produce than run-of-the-mill grades, as this involves sorting out the tip by hand.
In Assam, the main leafy tea grades produced are flowery pekoe (FP), orange pekoe (OP), pekoe (P), pekoe souchong (PS), and souchong (S), with broken tea grades BOP = Broken Orange pekoe; FOP = Flowery Orange Pekoe; TGFOP = Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe; FTGFOP = Finest Tippy Golden Flowery Orange Pekoe.
All types are sold as either "single" teas, meaning just one variety, or as blends. Blend names are usually more general e.g. "Assam Tea".
Adulteration and falsification are serious problems in the global tea trade; the amount of tea sold worldwide as Darjeeling every year greatly exceeds the annual tea production of Darjeeling, which is estimated at 11,000 tonnes.
[edit] Brewing
Generally, black teas should be prepared with boiling water and steeped 3-4 minutes. Black teas that will be served with milk or lemon should be steeped a little longer, 4-5 minutes. [1]
[edit] Major producers of black tea
The biggest producers of black tea in the world (with % value) are:
- Unilever - Lipton, PG Tips (17.6%)
- Associated British Foods - Twinings (4.4%)
- Tata Tea - Tetley (4.0%)
- Teekanne
[edit] Nutritional information
Plain black tea without sweeteners or additives contains negligible quantities of calories, protein, sodium, and fat. Some flavored tea with different herbs added may have less than 1 gram of carbohydrates.
[edit] References
- ^ Upton Tea Imports, "A Brief Guide to Tea".
[edit] External links
- Hope, S-J, K Daniel, K L Gleason, S Comber, M Nelson and J J Powell, "Influence of tea drinking on manganese intake, manganese status and leucocyte expression of MnSOD and cytosolic aminopeptidase P," European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60: 1-8; advance online publication, August 24, 2005; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602260
