马哈茂德一世

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Image:Mahmud I ottoman.jpg

Sultan Mahmud I

Mahmud I (in Arabic محمودالأول) (August 2, 1696 – December 13, 1754) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He was the son of Mustafa II and the older brother of Osman III.

Sultan Mahmud was recognized by the mutineers, as well as by court officials; but for some weeks after his accession the empire was in the hands of the insurgents. Their chief, Patrona Halil, rode with the new Sultan to the Mosque of Eyub, when the ceremony of girding Mahmoud with the sword of Othman was performed; and many of the chief officers were deposed, and successors to them were appointed at the dictation of the bold rebel, who had served in the ranks of the Janissaries, and who appeared before the Sultan bare-legged, and in his old uniform of a common soldier. A Greek butcher, named Yanaki, had formerly given credit to Patrona, and had lent him money during the three days of the ltte insurrection. Patrona showed his gratitude by compelling the Divan to make Yanaki Hospodar of Moldavia. The insolence of the rebel chiefs became at length insupportable. The Khan of the Crimea, whom they threatened to depose, was in Constantinople; and with his assistance the Graud Vizier, the Mufti, and the Aga of the Janissaries, succeeded in freeing the government from its ignominious servitude. Patrona was killed in the Sultan’s presence, after a Divan in which he had required that war should be declared against Russia. His Greek friend, Yanaki, and 7000 of those who had supported him, were also put to death. The jealousy which the officers of the Janissaries felt towards Patrona, and their readiness to aid in his destruction, facilitated greatly the exertions of the Sultan’s supporters in putting an end to the reign of rebellion, after it had lasted for nearly two months.

The rest of Mahmud's reign was dominated by wars with Persia and Russia. In 1731, as to the right of dominion over the Circassians of the Kabartas, a region about half way between the Euxine and the Caspian, near the course of the river Terek. The Russians claimed the Karabartas as lands of Russian subjects. They asserted that the Circassians were originally Cossacks of the Ukraine, who migrated thence the neighbourhood of a city of Russia called Terki, from what took their name of Tchercassians, or Circassians. Thence (according to the memorial drawn up by the Czar’s ministers) the Circassians removed to the neighbourhood of Kuban: still, however, retaining their Christian creed and their allegiance to the Czar. The continuation of the story told that the tyranny of the Crim Tartars forced the Circassians to become Mahometans, to migrate farther eastward to the Kabartas; but it was in’ on that the Circassians were still to be regarded as subjects of their original earthly sovereign, and that the which they occupied became the Czar’s territory. This political ethnology had but little influence upon the Turks, especially as the Czar had in a letter, written nine years previously acknowledged the sovereignty of the Sultan over the Circassians

The Russian war was fought primarily in the Crimea and the Danubian Principalities (Wallachia and Moldavia). In this war, the Russian commander Von Munnich routed Mahmud's Crimean Tatar vassals and then led his forces across the Dniestr, bringing much of Bessarabia under Russian control. The Austrians, however, did not fare as well, as Ottoman forces brought Belgrade and northern Serbia back under their control.

The Persian wars saw Ottoman forces ranged against the military genius of Nadir Shah. The Turks managed to retain control of Baghdad, but Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia fell back within the Persian sphere of influence.

Mahmud entrusted government to his viziers and spent much of his time composing poetry.