悲惨世界
维基百科,自由的百科全书
《悲惨世界》(-{Les Misérables}-),又译《孤星淚》,是法国作家雨果于1862年所发表的一部长篇小说。该书是雨果批判现实最有力的代表作,还被改编成历史上最成功的音乐剧之一。
1801年,一个名叫冉阿讓(-{Jean Valjean}-)的穷苦农民,因饥饿偷了一块面包而判五年苦役,刑满释放后,持黄色身份证(意指:帶有前科、案底的假釋證明)讨生活又处处碰壁。到1828年,雨果又开始搜集有关米奥利斯主教及其家庭的资料,酝酿写一个释放的苦役犯受圣徒式的主教感化而弃恶从善的故事。在1829年和1830年间,他还大量搜集有关黑玻璃制造业的材料,这便是冉阿让到海滨蒙特伊,化名为马德兰先生,从苦役犯变成企业家,开办工厂并发迹的由来。此外,他还参观了布雷斯特和土伦的苦役犯监狱,在街头目睹了类似芳汀受辱的场面。
又据说,雨果年轻时有一次在路上看到两个士兵夹持着一个因偷面包而被判死刑的男子,当时有一位贵夫人坐着漆有家徽的马车经过,囚犯注目贵夫人,但贵夫人对囚犯却视而不见。他认为此事表明当时法国平民承认贵族,贵族却无视平民的存在,从此使他萌发写《悲惨世界》的念头。
《悲惨世界》的主题是写人类与邪恶做不懈的斗争,人类本性是纯洁善良的,将一同走向幸福,但要经过苦难的历程。书中穿插当时法国革命动乱的背景和拿破仑滑铁卢战役的描写,以及当时法国社会的很多细节都有论及,比如俚语,下水道和女修道院等情况,雨果在书中都分有独立章节描写。故事情节错综复杂,设计巧妙,跌宕起伏。雨果力图表现严刑峻法只能使人更加邪恶,应根据人道主义精神用道德感化的方法处理,他借主人公之口说道“最高的法律是良心”。他写道:“将来人们会把犯罪看作一种疾病,由一批特殊的医生来医治这种病。医院将取代监狱。”
[编辑] 简介
为了这部书,雨果前后构思了40年,到晚年才完成。他自称这是“一部宗教作品”。
小说体现了雨果创作的一贯特征。巧妙的情节,伏笔连连。小说中还穿插大段的题外话和专题描述。雨果喜欢塑造「超人」的主人公,在这部小书中也不例外。
主人公冉阿让有着非同常人的力气,过人的才智。是一位本质善良但因为饥饿而偷了一块面包的“贼”,并因此度过19年牢狱生活,这19年,使得他的人性更为扭曲,他要报复社会。出狱后走投无路又只好做贼,被一位道德超人主教卞福汝感化,良心觉醒。可以说,他已成为另一个道德的超人,是卞福汝善心的延续,他从此一切为善,隐姓埋名,靠发明致富,当了某市市长。但警探沙威却为了冉阿让的前罪一直追踪他。他俩就不断处于官兵捉贼的过程之中。但冉阿让一直没有放弃他对悲惨的少女芳汀的承诺,照顾她的孤女珂赛特,并要使得她幸福。他做到了,但是他也要逝去了。最后,他在珂赛特和马吕斯的身边,安详过身。
冉阿让这个人物可以说是集叛血忠魂于一身的人物。雨果对他倾注了很多感情。借冉阿让的心和口,雨果说出了很多主张。同时,在冉阿让那一段段自我思辨中,可以看出,这个人物道德之高尚,同时还有其人性的一面。而雨果这种深刻的心理描写,只有俄国作家列夫·托尔斯泰可比。
沙威这个人物,雨果用之以象征无情的法律,他也有着很强的办案能力,铁面无私,可以说是小说的另一个“超人”。
小说中另一个人物马吕斯,有着雨果自己的影子,是一位上进青年,后来与冉阿让收养的女儿珂赛特相爱,最后终成眷属。
小说里面还有两个极负面的人物德纳第夫妇。但是雨果最后却还是给他们留了一条活路。足见雨果那种慈悲胸怀。
[编辑] 採納或改編而成的電影
- 1907, On the barricade, directed Alice Guy Blaché, early adaptation of a part of the novel
- 1907, Le Chemineau
- 1909, directed by J. Stuart Blackton
- 1911, directed by Albert Capellani
- 1913, directed again by Albert Capellani
- 1913, The Bishop's Candelsticks, directed Herbert Brenon, adaptation of the second book of the first volume
- 1917, directed by Frank Lloyd
- 1922, director unknown
- 1923, Aa Mujo, directed by Kiyohiko Ushihara and Yoshinobu Ikeda, Japanese film, production cancelled after two of four parts
- 1925, directed by Henri Fescourt
- 1929, The Bishop's Candlesticks, directed by Norman McKinnell, first sound film adaptation
- 1929, Aa mujo, directed by Seika Shiba, Japanese film
- 1931, Jean Valjean, directed by Tomu Uchida, Japanese film
- 1934, directed by Raymond Bernard
- 1935, directed by Richard Boleslawski
- 1937, Gavrosh, directed by Tatyana Lukashevich, Soviet film
- 1938, Kyojinden, dirceted by Mansaku Itami, Japanese film
- 1943, Los Miserables, directed by Renando A. Rovero, Mexican film
- 1944, El Boassa, directed by Kamal Selim, Egyptian film
- 1947, I Miserabili, directed by Riccardo Freda
- 1949, Les Nouveaux Misérables, directed by Henri Verneuil
- 1950, Re mizeraburu: Kami to Akuma, directed by Daisuke Ito, English title: Gods and demons
- 1950, Ezai Padum Pado, dirceted by K. Ramnoth, Indian film
- 1952, directed by Lewis Milestone
- 1952, I miserabili, re-release of the 1947-film
- 1955, Kundan, directed by Sohrab Modi, Indian Hindi film
- 1958, directed by Jean-Paul Le Chanois
- 1967, directed by Alan Bridges
- 1967, Os Miseráveis, Brazilian film
- 1967, Sefiler, Turkish film
- 1972, directed by Marcel Bluwal
- 1973, Los Miserables, directed by Antulio Jimnez Pons, Mexican adaptation
- 1977, Cosette, animation
- 1978, US telefilm, directed by Glenn Jordan
- 1978, Al Boasa, Egyptian adaptation
- 1979, Jean Valjean Monogatari, directed by Takashi Kuoka, Japanese animation
- 1982, directed by Robert Hossein
- 1985, TV version of the 1982 film
- 1988, animation
- 1990, directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau
- 1995, directed by Claude Lelouch (a loose, multi-layered adaptation set in the 20th century)
- 1995 Musical done in concert style
- 1998,導演為Bille August,此片使連恩尼遜(Liam Neeson)竄紅,此外鄔瑪舒曼也有參與演出。
- 2000, French TV miniseries directed by Josée Dayan and co-produced by Gérard Depardieu (starring: Gérard Depardieu, Christian Clavier, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Virginie Ledoyen, Asia Argento, Jeanne Moreau, Veronica Ferres...)
- 2007, Les Misérables: Shōjo Cossette, Japanese animated TV series by Nippon Animation